Indonesian Migrant Workers: The Migration Process and Vulnerability to COVID-19

Table 1

Some indicators of Indonesian migrant workers (IMWs) deployed to work abroad, 2016–2021.

Indonesian migrant workers’ indicators	Year
	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021
Total number of workers deployed abroad	234,451	262,899	283,640	276,553	113,173	59,053
Sex; Percentage of females	62	70	70	69	80	90
Education; Percentage with junior high school education and below	68	71	70	64	64	61
Employment sector; Percentage of workers working in nonformal jobs	47	55	53	52	67	78
Occupation; 3 main occupations (in order)	(1) Caregiver; (2) Domestic workers; (3) Plantation workers	(1) Domestic workers; (2) Caregiver; (3) Operator	(1) Domestic workers; (2) Caregiver; (3) Operator	(1) Domestic workers; (2) Caregiver; (3) Operator	(1) Domestic workers; (2) Caregiver; (3) General workers	(1) Domestic workers; (2) Caregivers; (3) General worker
Province of origin; 3 most important provinces of origin (in order)	(1) West Java; (2) Central Java; (3) East Java	(1) West Java; (2) Central Java; (3) East Java	(1 West Java; (2) Central Java; (3) East Java	(1) East Java; (2) Central Java; (3) West Java	(1) East Java; (2) Central Java; (3) West Java	(1) East Java; (2) Central Java; (3) West Java
Destination countries; 3 most important destination countries	(1) Malaysia; (2) Taiwan; (3) Hong Kong^1)	(1) Malaysia; (2) Saudi Arabia; (3) Taiwan	(1) Malaysia; (2) Saudi Arabia; (3) Taiwan	(1) Malaysia; (2) Taiwan; (3) Hong Kong	(1) Hong Kong; (2) Taiwan; (3) Malaysia	(1) Hong Kong; (2) Taiwan; (3) Singapore

Sources: [17–19].