Research Article
[Retracted] Does Income Inequality Harm Green Growth? The BRICS Experience
Table 5
Results of causality test.
| Null hypothesis: | BRICS | Brazil | Russia | India | China | South Africa | -stat | Prob. | -stat | Prob. | -stat | Prob. | -stat | Prob. | -stat | Prob. | -stat | Prob. |
| GINI → GG | 4.480 | 0.013 | 2.277 | 0.127 | 0.984 | 0.391 | 2.955 | 0.074 | 4.702 | 0.021 | 2.174 | 0.139 | GG → GINI | 0.090 | 0.914 | 0.042 | 0.959 | 0.153 | 0.859 | 0.945 | 0.405 | 0.631 | 0.542 | 0.226 | 0.799 | EDUCATION → GG | 2.961 | 0.074 | 1.809 | 0.188 | 1.097 | 0.352 | 3.114 | 0.065 | 2.583 | 0.099 | 2.022 | 0.157 | GG → EDUCATION | 2.181 | 0.117 | 0.503 | 0.612 | 0.531 | 0.596 | 2.734 | 0.088 | 2.757 | 0.087 | 0.387 | 0.684 | EI → GG | 2.879 | 0.060 | 2.505 | 0.106 | 8.301 | 0.002 | 0.518 | 0.603 | 0.701 | 0.507 | 0.114 | 0.893 | GG → EI | 0.477 | 0.622 | 0.246 | 0.784 | 0.305 | 0.740 | 3.262 | 0.058 | 2.315 | 0.123 | 0.615 | 0.550 | GS → GG | 8.451 | 0.000 | 0.042 | 0.959 | 4.277 | 0.028 | 1.607 | 0.224 | 0.868 | 0.434 | 3.793 | 0.039 | GG → GS | 1.492 | 0.229 | 0.659 | 0.528 | 0.852 | 0.441 | 1.575 | 0.231 | 2.944 | 0.075 | 1.785 | 0.192 | FD → GG | 1.141 | 0.323 | 0.739 | 0.490 | 0.462 | 0.636 | 2.483 | 0.108 | 0.387 | 0.684 | 4.716 | 0.020 | GG → FD | 0.465 | 0.629 | 1.201 | 0.321 | 0.056 | 0.945 | 3.854 | 0.038 | 10.74 | 0.001 | 0.094 | 0.911 | Education → GINI | 3.327 | 0.039 | 1.003 | 0.384 | 3.129 | 0.065 | 0.499 | 0.614 | 1.081 | 0.358 | 0.921 | 0.414 | GINI → Education | 1.652 | 0.196 | 0.035 | 0.965 | 6.153 | 0.008 | 5.491 | 0.012 | 1.333 | 0.285 | 1.262 | 0.304 | EI → GINI | 0.479 | 0.620 | 1.298 | 0.294 | 0.662 | 0.526 | 2.265 | 0.129 | 0.933 | 0.409 | 0.523 | 0.600 | GINI → EI | 2.896 | 0.059 | 3.522 | 0.048 | 1.410 | 0.266 | 10.97 | 0.001 | 0.873 | 0.432 | 3.210 | 0.061 | GS → GINI | 2.417 | 0.093 | 0.304 | 0.741 | 0.302 | 0.742 | 0.376 | 0.691 | 0.583 | 0.567 | 2.077 | 0.150 | GINI → GS | 1.684 | 0.190 | 0.242 | 0.788 | 0.913 | 0.417 | 1.378 | 0.274 | 0.084 | 0.919 | 2.380 | 0.117 | FD → GINI | 2.124 | 0.124 | 0.646 | 0.534 | 1.434 | 0.261 | 2.184 | 0.138 | 1.117 | 0.346 | 2.630 | 0.096 | GINI → FD | 1.407 | 0.249 | 7.335 | 0.004 | 2.839 | 0.081 | 4.336 | 0.027 | 0.236 | 0.792 | 4.268 | 0.028 | EI → Education | 0.045 | 0.956 | 0.408 | 0.670 | 0.703 | 0.506 | 0.243 | 0.786 | 0.187 | 0.831 | 0.501 | 0.613 | Education → EI | 2.621 | 0.077 | 0.437 | 0.652 | 5.924 | 0.009 | 7.809 | 0.003 | 0.190 | 0.829 | 0.367 | 0.697 | GS → Education | 0.020 | 0.981 | 0.129 | 0.880 | 0.532 | 0.595 | 1.941 | 0.169 | 0.610 | 0.553 | 0.590 | 0.563 | Education → GS | 2.921 | 0.058 | 0.314 | 0.734 | 0.165 | 0.849 | 1.049 | 0.368 | 2.862 | 0.080 | 5.808 | 0.010 | FD → Education | 3.532 | 0.032 | 0.306 | 0.740 | 0.805 | 0.460 | 10.13 | 0.001 | 2.325 | 0.122 | 0.465 | 0.635 | Education → FD | 0.109 | 0.897 | 0.533 | 0.595 | 0.062 | 0.940 | 2.257 | 0.129 | 3.506 | 0.049 | 1.007 | 0.382 | GS → EI | 0.669 | 0.514 | 1.184 | 0.326 | 0.539 | 0.591 | 1.954 | 0.167 | 2.017 | 0.158 | 1.020 | 0.378 | EI → GS | 1.327 | 0.269 | 0.553 | 0.584 | 1.123 | 0.344 | 1.061 | 0.364 | 0.508 | 0.609 | 1.529 | 0.240 | FD → EI | 0.589 | 0.556 | 3.721 | 0.041 | 0.036 | 0.965 | 13.86 | 0.000 | 0.189 | 0.829 | 0.821 | 0.454 | EI → FD | 0.507 | 0.603 | 3.230 | 0.060 | 1.247 | 0.308 | 5.233 | 0.014 | 0.742 | 0.488 | 3.420 | 0.052 | FD → GS | 1.241 | 0.293 | 9.499 | 0.001 | 0.447 | 0.645 | 1.900 | 0.175 | 2.585 | 0.099 | 9.282 | 0.001 | GS → FD | 0.311 | 0.733 | 1.658 | 0.215 | 0.105 | 0.901 | 0.592 | 0.562 | 0.063 | 0.939 | 0.137 | 0.872 |
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Source: Author estimations.
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