Journal of Environmental and Public Health

Review Article

Occupational Disease and Injury in Malaysia: A Thematic Review of Literature from 2016 to 2021

Table 5

Table of the literature included for manuscript entitled “the occupational disease and injury in Malaysia: a thematic review of literature from 2016 to 2021.”
IDAuthorYearsMeasureMain hazardMain health problemsWorkplaceOccupationMASCOMSICSSSDFindings
(1)Othman and Sivasubramaniam2019Depression, anxiety, and stressPsychosocialMental healthSchoolTeacherProfessionalsP11Prevalence of depression (43.0%), anxiety (68.0%), and stress (32.3%)
(2)Hashim and Samad2019Psychological distressPsychosocialMental healthSchoolTeacherProfessionalsP11Respiratory problems were the significant risk factors for poor mental health status () of teachers in schools
(3)Omar and Sallehudin2018Psychological distressPsychosocialMental healthNSContractorManagers and senior officialsF21Work demand is the main factor contributing to the high-pressure jobs
(4)Rasdi et al.2019Psychological distressPsychosocialMental healthFactoryFactory workerElementary occupationsC1136.6% of respondents reported to have job strain and 53.6% reported to have excessive daytime sleepiness
(5)Noor and Shaker2017Psychological distressPsychosocialMental healthNSGeneral workerElementary occupationsNS22Workplace discrimination was positively related to psychological distress
(6)Chan et al.2019Workplace bullyingPsychosocialMental healthNSEmployeeNSNS11A total of 2045 (39.1%) participants reported ever being bullied
(7)Awai et al.2021Workplace bullyingPsychosocialMental healthHospitalHealthcare workerNSQ11Prevalence of workplace bullying in this sample was 11.2%
(8)Al-Dubai et al.2016Psychological distressPsychosocialMental healthNSRailway workerNSH11Mean (SD) perceived stress was 18.8 (4.3), with above 15 as the normal cutoff score
(9)Zakaria et al.2019BurnoutPsychosocialMental healthHospitalHealthcare workerProfessionalsQ11Among the burnout features were fatigue with 52.2% and frequent physical illness and feel unappreciated with 48.6% and 45.9%, respectively. The job-related issues which predisposed to burnout were demand coping with an angry public with 70.2%, job overload 63.9%, lack clear guideline or rapid program changes 54%, and pay too little 53.1%.
(10)Woon and Tiong2020BurnoutPsychosocialMental healthHospitalHealthcare workerNSQ11Burnout rates were 17.5% (personal burnout), 13.9% (work burnout), and 6.0% (client burnout)
(11)Boo et al.2018BurnoutPsychosocialMental healthHospitalHealthcare workerProfessionalsQ1115.9% of the respondents experienced high burnout syndrome
(12)Khoo et al.2017Emotional exhaustionPsychosocialMental healthHospitalHealthcare workerProfessionalsQ11High and moderate emotional exhaustion was reported by 25.4% and 24.4% doctors, respectively
(13)Ismail et al.2021Depression, anxiety, and stressPsychosocialMental healthHospitalHealthcare workerProfessionalsQ11Prevalence of stress, anxiety, and depression was 29.7%, 39.9%, and 26.2%
(14)Abd Gaffar et al.2021Quality of lifePsychosocialMental healthHospitalHealthcare workerProfessionalsQ11Being female and having depression were found to be associated with lower QOWL
(15)Minn et al.2019Depression, anxiety, and stressPsychosocialMental healthHospitalHealthcare workerProfessionalsQ11Prevalence of psychiatric morbidities such as depression (42%), anxiety (50%), and stress (42.7%)
(16)Ng et al.2020Depression, anxiety, and stressPsychosocialMental healthHospitalHealthcare workerNSQ21HCWs undergoing contact swabbing and quarantine are vulnerable to depression, anxiety, and stress
(17)Mohd Fauzi et al.2020FatiguePsychosocialMental healthHospitalHealthcare workerProfessionalsQ11Work demands generally worsen, while recovery experiences protect mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic with the caveat of the role of detachment experiences
(18)Woon et al.2020Depression, anxiety, and stressPsychosocialMental healthHospitalHealthcare workerNSQ11Prevalence rates of depression, anxiety, and stress were 21.8%, 31.6%, and 29.1%, respectively
(19)Noor et al.2021AnxietyPsychosocialMental healthHospitalHealthcare workerNSQ12Non-frontline healthcare providers require psychological support similar to that of frontline healthcare providers during the COVID-19 pandemic
(20)Roslan et al.2021BurnoutPsychosocialMental healthHospitalHealthcare workerNSQ11More than half of Malaysian healthcare workers in this sample experienced burnout
(21)Sze Kiat et al.2021Depression, anxiety, and stressPsychosocialMental healthHospitalHealthcare workerNSQ21Healthcare workers had mild anxiety, with the majority experiencing mild stress (57.1%) and almost half of the respondents experiencing mild depression (41%)
(22)Sahimi et al.2021Suicidal ideationPsychosocialMental healthHospitalHealthcare workerNSQ11Current suicidal ideation (19/171) and clinical depression (17/171) were good HRQOL with the mean score of overall HRQOL was 72.42 ± 14.99. 11.1 and 9.9%
(23)Ashri et al.2021Quality of lifePsychosocialMental healthOfficeOffice workerNSO11Good HRQOL with the mean score of overall HRQOL was 72.42 ± 14.99.
(24)Nazali et al.2021Quality of lifePsychosocialMental healthHigher educationUniversity staffNSP11Participants had low QOL in the domains of physical health (P-QOL) (11.2%), psychological health (PSY-QOL) (9.7%), social relationships (SR-QOL) (19.1%), and environment (E-QOL) (14.4%)
(25)Shahril Abu Hanifah and Ismail2020FatiguePsychosocialMental healthFactoryFactory workerPlant and machine operators and assemblersC11General fatigue (54.5%)
(26)Htay et al.2020Psychological distressPsychosocialMental healthNSGeneral workerElementary occupationsNS1179.2% had poor mental well-being according to the WHO-5 scale
(27)Lee and Lai2020Depression, anxiety, and stressPsychosocialMental healthSchoolTeacherProfessionalsP11Majority of the female teachers tend to have normal level for stress, anxiety, and depression
(28)Ah et al.2020SleepinessPsychosocialMental healthFactoryFactory workerPlant and machine operators and assemblersC11Sleepiness among shift workers found to be increased by the end of the shift. Around 30% of workers did not have an adequate amount of daily sleep.
(29)Jalali et al.2020Workplace bullyingPsychosocialMental healthNSEmployeeNSNS21Workplace bullying has a positive impact on job insecurity as well as emotional exhaustion while also having a positive indirect effect on emotional exhaustion through job insecurity
(30)Kisomi et al.2016Tick-borne diseasesBiologyInfectionFarmFarmerSkilled agricultural, forestry, livestock, and fishery workersA11More than half of the farmworkers (n = 91) reported an experience of tick bites
(31)Shamsul et al.2016Escherichia coliBiologyInfectionAbattoirAnimal slaughterSkilled agricultural, forestry, livestock, and fishery workersA11Prevalence of 9.7% was recorded for all samples during work for Escherichia coli O157 : H7 isolated on the hands of before and after work. For non-O157 : H7, total prevalence of 33.3% during work and 13% after work was obtained.
(32)Bamaiyi et al.2017Seroprevalence of brucellosisBiologyInfectionFarmFarmerSkilled agricultural, forestry, livestock, and fishery workersA11Seroprevalence of brucellosis among farmers and non-farmers (veterinary technical staff and others) of 446 people studied was 1.35% (95% CI = 0.28–2.42)
(33)Najib et al.2020Fasciola infectionBiologyInfectionFarmFarmerSkilled agricultural, forestry, livestock, and fishery workersA21Serological screening revealed 60 (67%) participants positive for anti-Fasciola IgG antibody
(34)Khan et al.2020Hydatid diseaseBiologyInfectionFarmGeneral workerElementary occupationsA1113.6% of the migrant workers were found to be seropositive for hydatid disease
(35)Jeffree et al.2018MalariaBiologyInfectionFarmRubber tapperSkilled agricultural, forestry, livestock, and fishery workersA12Malarial attack rate was 2.3%, 6/11 smears have gametocyte, and the case fatality rate was 9.1%
(36)Kho et al.2017Rickettsia diseaseBiologyInfectionFarmFarmerSkilled agricultural, forestry, livestock, and fishery workersA21Indigenous community had significantly higher seropositivity rates for R. conorii () and R. felis (), as compared to blood donors from urban (n = 61). Similarly, higher seropositivity rates for R. conorii () and R. felis () were noted for animal farm workers, as compared to urban blood donors.
(37)Lee et al.2017Bacterial infectionsBiologyInfectionFood stallFood handlerPersonal service occupationsI21Moderate levels of food safety knowledge (61.7%) with good attitude (51.9/60) and self-reported practices (53.2/60). It is noteworthy that the good self-reported practices were not reflected in the microbiological assessment of food handlers’ hands, in which 65% of the food handlers examined had a total aerobic count ≥20 CFU/cm2 and Salmonella was detected on 48% of the food handlers’ hands.
(38)Woh et al.2017Salmonella carriersBiologyInfectionFood stallFood handlerPersonal service occupationsI11Nine (2.8%) stool samples were confirmed to be Salmonella positive
(39)Wickersham et al.2017Sexual transmitted diseasesBiologyInfectionNSSex workerPersonal service occupationsR11Screening for STI was low. Inconsistent condom use and drug use during sex work were not uncommon.
(40)Noor Azian et al.2016LeishmaniasisBiologyInfectionPalm oil plantationPalm oil plantation workerElementary occupationsNS1155.3% were seropositive, with the highest was among the Nepalese (68.6%), followed by Indians (62.2%), Bangladeshi (54.9%), Myanmar (44.4%), Vietnamese (25.8%), and Indonesian (25.6%)
(41)Mohd Ridzuan et al.2016LeptospirosisBiologyInfectionPalm oil plantationPalm oil plantation workerPlant and machine operators and assemblersA11100 of 350 workers tested positive for leptospiral antibodies, hence a seroprevalence of 28.6% (95% CI 23.8% to 33.3%)
(42)Rahman et al.2018LeptospirosisBiologyInfectionWet marketWet market workerSkilled agricultural, forestry, livestock, and fishery workersI11Seroprevalence for leptospirosis among the respondents was 33.6% (95% CI = 27.5, 39.7)
(43)Samsudin et al.2018LeptospirosisBiologyInfectionWet marketWet market workerSkilled agricultural, forestry, livestock, and fishery workersI11Seroprevalence of leptospirosis among healthy workers was 46.3%
(44)Goh et al.2019LeptospirosisBiologyInfectionAnimal shelterDog handlerSkilled agricultural, forestry, livestock, and fishery workersA11A total of 22.2% of dogs and 21.7% of dog handlers were seropositive
(45)Binti Daud et al.2018LeptospirosisBiologyInfectionFarmFarmerSkilled agricultural, forestry, livestock, and fishery workersA21Seroprevalence of leptospiral antibodies was 72.5% (95% CI 63.5% to 80.1%) and the prevalence of pathogenic Leptospira in the cattle farms environment was 12.1% (95% CI 8.4% to 17.0%)
(46)Neela et al.2019LeptospirosisBiologyInfectionForestArmy recruitArmed forcesO21Among 12 patients, two (2/12; 16.6%) were confirmed positive for leptospirosis by microscopic agglutination test (MAT with titres 400–800)
(47)Atil et al.2020LeptospirosisBiologyInfectionMunicipalGeneral workerElementary occupationsE11Positive Leptospira was 9.4% (95% CI: 6.8–12.8). Urban sweepers and lorry drivers made up the highest proportion of positive Leptospira respondents, contributing 15.5% and 9.4%, respectively
(48)Mani et al.2021COVID-19 infectionBiologyInfectionClinicHealthcare workerProfessionalsQ11Most dentists limited their clinical services during the MCO and resumed work once restrictions were lifted during the C-MCO and R-MCO. Many reported adopting appropriate precautionary measures to mitigate the spread of COVID-19.
(49)Tan-Loh and Cheong2021COVID-19 infectionBiologyInfectionHospitalHealthcare workerNSQ2147 HCWs in HTI tested positive for COVID-19. 7 patients (15.2%) had at least more than one comorbidity.
(50)Wan et al.2021COVID-19 effectBiologyInfectionHospitalHealthcare workerNSQ11One-third (35.2%) were symptomatic, with sore throat (23.6%), cough (19.8%), and fever (5.0%) being the most commonly reported symptoms. A total of 17 healthcare workers tested positive for COVID-19, with a prevalence of 0.3% among all the healthcare workers. Risk category and presence of symptoms were associated with a positive COVID-19 test (). Fever (), cough (), shortness of breath (), and sore throat () were associated with case positivity.
(51)Woon et al.2021COVID-19 infectionBiologyInfectionHospitalHealthcare workerNSQ11One hundred and fifteen (29%) participants claimed to have had contact with known COVID-19 persons outside of their workplace
(52)Sahimin et al.2020BlastocystisBiologyInfectionFarmPalm oil plantation workerElementary occupationsNS11A third of the study cohort (30.9%; n = 68/220) screened were infected with Blastocystis sp. predominantly with ST3 (54.5%; n = 12), followed by ST1 (36.4%; n = 8) and ST2 (9.1%; n = 2)
(53)Sahimin et al.2019Entamoeba infectionsBiologyInfectionFarmPalm oil plantation workerElementary occupationsNS11Seroprevalence of 7.4% (n = 36; CL95 = 5.3–10.1%) with only one factor statistically associated with seropositivity of anti-amoebic antibodies, i.e., years of residence in Malaysia (χ21 = 4.007, )
(54)Sahimin et al.2018Giardia duodenalisBiologyInfectionFarmPalm oil plantation workerElementary occupationsNS1110.8% (n = 42) were found to be positive with Giardia spp. and 3.1% (n = 12) were found to be positive with Cryptosporidium spp. infections
(55)Sahimin et al.2017HookwormBiologyInfectionFarmPalm oil plantation workerElementary occupationsNS1151 samples (13.1%) were positive by microscopy for hookworm infections
(56)Sahimin et al.2017Toxoplasma gondii infectionBiologyInfectionFarmPalm oil plantation workerElementary occupationsNS11Seroprevalence of T. gondii was 57.4% (n = 278; 95% CI: 52.7–61.8%)
(57)Sahimin et al.2016Intestinal parasitic infectionsBiologyInfectionFarmPalm oil plantation workerElementary occupationsNS11Prevalence of infections with A. lumbricoides (43.3%) was recorded followed by hookworms (13.1%), E. histolytica/dispar (11.6%), Giardia sp. (10.8%), T. trichura (9.5%), Cryptosporidium spp. (3.1%), H. nana (1.8%), and E. vermicularis (0.5%)
(58)Che Hasan et al.2020Carpal tunnel syndromePhysicalWRMSDHigher educationOffice workerAdministration and secretarial occupationsO21Probable carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) was 16.5% (n = 10)
(59)Azmir and Yahya2017Hand arm vibration syndromePhysicalWRMSDRoadHand-held grass-cutting workerElementary occupationsE11HAVS is diagnosed in Malaysia especially in agriculture sector
(60)Ali et al.2018Hand arm vibration syndromePhysicalWRMSDRoadHand-held grass-cutting workerElementary occupationsE11Daily vibration value depicted an exceeded exposure action value of 2.5 m/s2 for both hands and 80% of the workers experienced colour change in any of their fingers
(61)Qamruddin et al.2019Hand arm vibration syndromePhysicalWRMSDTyre shopTyre shopCraft and related trade workersG11Prevalence of the vascular, neurological, and musculoskeletal symptoms was 12.5% (95% CI 10.16 to 14.84), 37.0% (95% CI 30.31 to 43.69), and 44.5% (95% CI 37.61 to 51.38), respectively
(62)Zamri et al.2017Low back painPhysicalWRMSDSchoolTeacherProfessionalsP11LBP and NSP among teachers in the past 12 months were 48.0% (95% (CI) 45.2%, 50.9%) and 60.1% (95% CI 57.4%, 62.9%)
(63)Awang Lukman et al.2019Low back painPhysicalWRMSDNSCommercial vehicle driverCraft and related trade workersH21Prevalence of LBP was 66.4%. The percentage of drivers who had frequent manual handling of heavy loads was 45.5% and those who handled heavy loads in awkward postures accounted for 86.4%.
(64)Zamri et al.2020Low back painPhysicalWRMSDSchoolTeacherProfessionalsP13Prevalence of LBP at baseline and 12-month follow-up was 48.1% (95% CI: 45.6%, 51.7%) and 44.4% (95% CI: 40.6%, 48.0%), respectively
(65)Ibrahim et al.2019Low back painPhysicalWRMSDHospitalHealthcare workerAssociate professionals and technical officersQ11989 (76.5%) nurses suffered from LBP
(66)Tuan Lonik et al.2017Low back painPhysicalWRMSDHospitalHealthcare workerPersonal service occupationsQ11Lifetime prevalence of LBP among the respondents was 65.0% (95% CI 57.1–72.9), with 12-month and 7-day prevalence rate of 88.8% (95% CI 83.6–94.0) and 20.3% (95% CI 13.6–26.9), respectively
(67)Khan et al.2020MusculoskeletalPhysicalWRMSDHigher educationUniversity staffNSP1155.8% respondents (n = 234) reported neck pain (NP), (n = 196) 46.8% reported shoulder pain (SP), and (n = 308) 73.5% reported low back pain (LBP), respectively
(68)Maakip et al.2016MSDPhysicalWRMSDOfficeOffice workerAdministration and secretarial occupationsO116-month period prevalence of MSD discomfort was 92.8% (95% CI: 90.2–95.2%)
(69)Raghavendra Kamath et al.2020MusculoskeletalPhysicalWRMSDHigher educationUniversity staffAssociate professional and technical officersC21Working on cutting machines and lathe in the machine shop and working in the foundry section record a RULA and REBA score of greater than 6, which states that there is a requirement of immediate action concerning the working posture on this equipment
(70)Mohd Din et al.2016MSDPhysicalWRMSDForestArmy recruitArmed forcesO1312% of the recruits were diagnosed with incident MSI and 80% reported incident MSD
(71)Aziz et al.2017MusculoskeletalPhysicalWRMSDFactoryFactory workerPlant and machine operators and assemblersCNM1MSD prevalence for lower back (75.4%), upper back (63.2%), right shoulder (61.4%), and right wrist (60%)
(72)Taib et al.2017MusculoskeletalPhysicalWRMSDClinicHealthcare workerProfessionalsQ21The shoulders were most often affected by symptoms of MSDs (92.7%). MSDs of the neck and upper back were most likely to prevent these practitioners from engaging in normal activities (32.9%).
(73)Amin et al.2018MSDPhysicalWRMSDHospitalHealthcare workerAssociate professionals and technical officersQ1173.1% of the nursing staff experienced WRMSDs in at least one anatomical site 12 months prior to the study. 75% of nurses expressed emotional distress.
(74)Labao et al.2018MusculoskeletalPhysicalWRMSDNSGeneral workerElementary occupationsNS21Filipino migrant workers mostly complain of pain in the low back area (60%) and shoulder pain (60%), followed by pain in the upper back (48.3%) and neck pain (45%) in the last 12 months
(75)Anwar et al.2019MusculoskeletalPhysicalWRMSDFactoryWelderCraft and related trade workersC2125.9% had encountered neck pain, 11.1% experienced discomfort while performing repetitive actions, and 48.5% experienced discomfort and pain for both elbow/hand and wrist when lifting objects heavier than 5 kg
(76)Alias et al.2020MSDPhysicalWRMSDSchoolTeacherProfessionalsP11Prevalence for any parts of the body was 40.1%. The most affected part of the body was feet, with 32.5% for the past 12 months and 36.8% for the past 7 days.
(77)Masri et al.2017MSDPhysicalWRMSDTea plantationTea pluckerSkilled agricultural, forestry, livestock, and fishery workersA11Ergonomic risk factors faced by the tea puckers while performing their daily work tasks in the tea plantations are lifting, lifting with one shoulder, lifting above the shoulder, pushing, and pulling loads more than 25 kg
(78)Shariat et al.2018MusculoskeletalPhysicalWRMSDOfficeOffice workerAdministration and secretarial occupationsO11Significant association between pain severity in gender and right () and left () sides of the shoulders. There was also a significant association between BMI and severity of pain in the lower back area (). It was revealed that total pain score in the shoulders was significantly associated with age ().
(79)Taib et al.2018MusculoskeletalPhysicalWRMSDHospitalHealthcare workerProfessionalsQ2132.6% of them reported that they have musculoskeletal discomfort at a single body region during the last year, 16.3% reported two regions, and 9.3% reported three regions where the most prevalent region affected was the neck area where 27.9% of the respondent reported they experienced symptoms or pain in this region, followed by wrists/hands (26.7%), lower back (19.8%), and upper back (14.0%)
(80)Yahya and Zahid2018MusculoskeletalPhysicalWRMSDFactoryFactory workerPlant and machine operators and assemblersC2130 respondents out of 36 respondents suffered from WMDs especially at shoulder, wrists, and lower back
(81)Ng et al.2019MusculoskeletalPhysicalWRMSDSchoolTeacherProfessionalsP11MSD during the previous 6 months was 80.1% (95% CI: 75.8–84.2%), with 80.5% of female and 77.5% of male teachers reporting symptomatic pain
(82)Rahman et al.2020MusculoskeletalPhysicalWRMSDHospitalHealthcare workerAssociate professionals and technical officersQ21Most of the respondents had been troubled with ache, pain, and discomfort at the neck, 54.9% (95% confidence interval 44.0%, 66.0%). In addition, they were troubled mainly with distress at the low back (34.1%) and the ankle or feet (34.1%) which had prevented the respondents from doing their regular job over the past 12 months.
(83)Syed Abudaheer et al.2020MusculoskeletalPhysicalWRMSDHigher educationUniversity staffProfessionalsP21(n = 62) 73.8%. Shoulder, neck, and lower back region with slight variance in ranking. Shoulder is the highest at any time during the last 12 months. Neck has the highest prevalence at any time during the last seven days
(84)Lim et al.2021MusculoskeletalPhysicalWRMSDMunicipalLandscape workersElementary occupationsE21Overall prevalence of WRMSDs among landscape workers was 85.5%. The highest prevalence involving the shoulder (65.5%), followed by neck (23.6%), wrist/hand (23.6%), and lower back (20.0%) regions based on their self-reported WRMSD symptoms over the past 12 months
(85)Yusof and Shahida2021MusculoskeletalPhysicalWRMSDFactoryFactory workerCraft and related trade workersC23Workers experienced the highest discomfort in three body parts: (1) lower back, (2) shoulders, and (3) upper back. The discomfort felt by the workers was 74.36%, 8.96%, and 5.52% in the lower back, shoulders, and upper back, respectively.
(86)Abdullahi et al.2016Sharp injuryPhysicalInjuryAbattoirAnimal slaughterSkilled agricultural, forestry, livestock, and fishery workersA21Mean (SD) for occupational hazards = 2.32 (2.721). Proportion of injury by sharp equipment (20.0%), noise exposure (17.0%), and due to offensive odour within the abattoir premises (12.0%)
(87)Hamid et al.2016InjuryPhysicalInjurySport centreAthleteProfessionalsR1183 injuries and 64 illnesses. Muscle strains and tears were the most common injuries followed by ligamentous injury and soft tissue contusion.
(88)Ruslan et al.2017InjuryPhysicalInjuryPalm oil plantationPalm oil plantation workerPlant and machine operators and assemblersA21Prevalence of injury among palm oil mill workers was 39.4% with sprain and burn being the common types of injury reported. Press plant workers reported to have high cases of injuries. Majority of workers (78.8%) stated noise was the main hazard in the palm oil mill, followed by heat hazard.
(89)Ishak et al.2019Sharps injuryBiologyInjuryHospitalHealthcare workerNSQ11Works in the logging site and charcoal kiln could be carried out continuously with 25% of working efficiency on achieving maximum productivity and 75% of the rest needed, work in the nursery site it could be carried out continuously with 75% of working on achieving productivity and 25% of the rest needed
(90)Achuthan et al.2020Heat stressPhysicalInjuryForestForestry workerSkilled agricultural, forestry, livestock, and fishery workersANM1Works in the logging site and charcoal kiln could be carried out continuously with 25% of working efficiency on achieving maximum productivity and 75% of the rest needed, work in the nursery site it could be carried out continuously with 75% of working on achieving productivity and 25% of the rest needed
(91)How et al.2020Heat stressPhysicalInjuryFarmFarmerSkilled agricultural, forestry, livestock, and fishery workersA21Significant difference between HSI, blood pressure, and blood glucose levels among organic and conventional farmers. Both groups of farmers also have a significant association between blood glucose and blood pressure. Pesticide use can act as a synergistic effect, resulting in more significant health effects for those who were exposed to heat in their work environment.
(92)Abidin et al.2021Sharp injuryPhysicalInjuryFactoryFactory workerPlant and machine operators and assemblersC11Prevalence of occupational injury for the past 12 months was at 18%. The most often injured body parts were hands and legs while among the most common injury types were open wound, burns, and bleeding.
(93)Ahmad et al.2021Occupational blood and body fluid exposureBiologyInjuryHospitalHealthcare workerNSQ11Prevalence of OBBE was 25.1% (95% confidence interval: 20.6–30.2), mostly due to percutaneous injuries, which were not reported to authorities
(94)Lee et al.2021InjuryPhysicalInjurySport centreAthleteProfessionalsR21Pain was the predominantly observed symptom, with a predilection for the wrist, ring and middle fingers, and thumb. De Quervain’s tenosynovitis was found in 53.8% (n = 21) of the subjects, with 52.4% and 42.9% of them experiencing pain during and after training, respectively.
(95)Nawi et al.2016InjuryPhysicalInjuryPalm oil plantationPalm oil plantation workerElementary occupationsA21Using of manual tools should be avoided and plantation workers should be provided with ergonomic machines that can help them reduce their workload and injuries
(96)Zerguine et al.2018InjuryPhysicalInjurySiteConstruction workersElementary occupationsF11Work-related injuries in a one-year period was 22.6%, where most of the injuries were of moderate severity (39.7%) and falls from heights represented the main source (31.5%)
(97)Mansor et al.2019Heat stressPhysicalInjuryMunicipalGeneral workerElementary occupationsE11Percentage of respondents who experienced moderate to severe HRI was 44.1%
(98)Sulaiman et al.2019Post-pesticide exposureChemicalInjuryPalm oil plantationPalm oil plantation workerPlant and machine operators and assemblersA11Aware of the health hazards of pesticide use and suffered from symptoms (with mean duration of three days) such as vomiting, diarrhoea, skin irritation, and dizziness. Most of the workers responded that they did not receive any training in pesticide handling and used partial personal protective equipment (glasses, hats, shirt, and gloves) during working hours. Interestingly, a large percentage responded that they would not read the safety material even if it was provided.
(99)Wahab et al.2019Sharps injuryPhysicalInjuryHospitalHealthcare workerNSQ11165 reported cases from 2013–2015. 65 (39.4%) were males, while 100 (60.6%) were females. The mean age was 27.41 (SD: 6.06). More than half of the reported sharps injury occurred among doctor, 113 (68.5%) specifically house officer; 89 (53.9%) followed by paramedic, 26 (15.8%) and others, 26 (15.8%). Mostly occurred in ward, 114 (69.1%)
(100)Hamzah et al.2016Metal dustChemicalRespiratoryFactoryFactory workerPlant and machine operators and assemblersC11Only few workers (36.4%) were found to wear their masks all times during the working hours. There was an exposure-response relationship of cumulative metal dust exposure with the deterioration of lung function values
(101)Hamsan et al.2017Pesticide concentrationsChemicalRespiratoryFarmFarmerSkilled agricultural, forestry, livestock, and fishery workersA21Hazard quotient (HQ) was less than 1 and the hazard index (HI) value was 3.86 × 10−3, indicating that the risk of pesticides related diseases was not significant. The lifetime cancer risk (LCR) for pymetrozine was at an acceptable level (LCR b 10−6) with 4.10 × 10−8.
(102)Bakri et al.2018Respiratory illnessChemicalRespiratoryFactoryWelderPlant and machine operators and assemblersC21Lung function decrement was established in linear regression for FEV1 and FEV1/FVC, respectively, although not statistically significant. Analysis conducted revealed the presence of the following trace elements concentration in ascending sequence: As < Al < Cu < Mn < Cr < Ni < Co < Fe (in the toenail) and Co < Al < Cu < Ni < As < Cr < Fe < Mn (in the cassette), respectively
(103)Fandi et al.2018Air pollutantsChemicalRespiratoryRoadPolicemenPersonal service occupationsO22Mean personal exposure level of PM10 among the traffic policemen was 150.14 ± 130.66 μg/m3 compared to only 84.14 ± 94.11 μg/m3 in the comparative group. A median concentration of benzene documented significantly higher at the selected sampling roadsides areas (median = 0.157 ppm) than indoor office areas (median = 0.071 ppm).
(104)Chean et al.2019Respiratory illnessChemicalRespiratoryRoadFirefighters, traffic policePersonal service occupationsO12We recruited 706 participants—211 firefighters, 198 traffic police, and 297 from general population. Smokers had significantly higher scores than non-smokers in all SGRQ domains. Regardless of smoking status, the “occupationally exposed group” had higher symptoms score than the “occupationally unexposed group.”
(105)Lim et al.2019Air pollutantsChemicalRespiratoryOfficeOffice workerAdministration and secretarial occupationsO119.6% of the workers had doctor-diagnosed asthma, 15.5% had wheezing, 18.4% had daytime attacks of breathlessness, and 25.8% had elevated FeNO (25 ppb). Median levels in office dust were 11.3 EU/mg endotoxin and 62.9 ng/g [1, 3]-b-glucan. After adjusting for personal and home environment factors, endotoxin concentration in dust was associated with wheezing () and rhinoconjunctivitis (). The amount of surface dust () and [1, 3]-b-glucan concentration dust () was associated with elevated FeNO.
(106)Bakar et al.2020DustChemicalRespiratoryHospitalHealthcare workerNSQ21Total dust concentration in the casting room is 3.402 ± 0.003 mg/m³ from area sampling and that for the personal air sampling is 5.573 ± 0.040 mg/m³ which are below 15 mg/m³ PEL.
(107)Jamil et al.2020Air pollutantsChemicalRespiratoryRoadPolicemenPersonal service occupationsO21Occupational factors play a crucial role, and hence the authorities should take action in generating flexible working hours and the duration of services accordingly
(108)Ratnasingam et al.2016DustChemicalRespiratoryFactoryFactory workerPlant and machine operators and assemblersC11Highest dust emission from the sanding operation resulted in respiratory ailments among workers. The occurrence of injuries particularly to the hand, wrist, fingers, and forearm was due to the prevailing working conditions, safety climate, and workers’ characteristics. The dust exposure levels and working conditions were much more severe in the bamboo furniture manufacturing industry.
(109)Zakaria et al.2019DustChemicalRespiratoryFactoryFactory workerNSC21Most of workers in the same environment are suffering from restrictive pattern of pulmonary disease.
(110)Md Shakri et al.2020EndotoxinChemicalRespiratoryFactoryFactory workerPlant and machine operators and assemblersC22Mean concentration of endotoxin for areas was 0.26 (standard deviation (SD) = 0.12) EU/m3, whereas the mean personal inhalable endotoxin level among the rice millers was 0.29 (SD = 0.15) EU/m3. Post-shift lung function tests for FEV1/FVC measured appeared lower among rice millers (54%) compared to non-exposed workers (62%), but not statistically significant ().
(111)Salvaraji et al.2020Respiratory illnessChemicalRespiratoryMunicipalDomestic waste collectorElementary occupationsE11Respiratory symptoms were seen in 21% of the workers. The identified significant risk factors were determined as underlying chronic diseases (OR = 2.34; 95% CI = 1.054, 5.219) and contact with pets (OR = 1.87; 95% CI = 1.004, 3.288)
(112)Hasan et al.2016Cardiovascular disease riskOtherCardiovascular diseaseOfficeOffice workerAdministration and secretarial occupationsO21Respiratory symptoms were seen in 21% of the workers. The identified significant risk factors were determined as underlying chronic diseases (OR = 2.34; 95% CI = 1.054, 5.219) and contact with pets (OR = 1.87; 95% CI = 1.004, 3.288)
(113)Lee et al.2017Cardiovascular disease riskOtherCardiovascular diseaseSchoolTeacherProfessionalsP11MONO was 17.7% (95% confidence interval (CI), 15.3e20.4). Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among the normal weight and overweight participants was 8.3% (95% CI, 5.8e11.8) and 29.9% (95% CI, 26.3e33.7)
(114)Kit et al.2020Overweight and obesityOtherCardiovascular diseaseClinicHealthcare workerNSQ1149.9% of the healthcare workers were overweight or obese, 51.0% were at risk of having abdominal obesity, and 79.6% had a high body fat percentage
(115)Kuan et al.2020Cardiovascular disease riskOtherCardiovascular diseaseHospitalHealthcare workerNSQ1147.4% of the subjects were of normal weight, 30.2% were overweight, 17.2% were obese and 5.2% were underweight
(116)Rahimi et al.2016Cardiovascular disease riskOtherCardiovascular diseaseOfficeRescue firefighter personnelPersonal service occupationsO1141.5% were normal, 44.8% were overweight, and 13% were obese. The percentage of 34.8% firefighters with WC values of more than 90 cm means that they were at greater risk to have cardiovascular and diabetes disease.
(117)Samsuddin et al.2016Pesticide exposureChemicalCardiovascular diseaseSiteHealthcare workerPersonal service occupationsQ12Diazoxonase was significantly lower and ox-LDL was higher among pesticide-exposed workers than the comparison group. Age, body mass index (BMI), smoking, and pesticide exposure were independent predictors of brachial and aortic DBP and SBP. Pesticide exposure was also associated with heart rate, but not with PWV. Lipid profiles, PON1 enzymes, and ox-LDL showed no association with any of the CVS parameters.
(118)Jeffree et al.2016Noise exposurePhysicalHearing lossFactoryFactory workerPlant and machine operators and assemblersC22Hearing impairment was significantly () associated with older age, lower education level, high smoking dose, high occupational daily noise dose, longer duration of service, infrequent used of hearing protection device (HPD), and low perception of sound on HPD usage
(119)Sam et al.2017Noise exposurePhysicalHearing lossFactoryFactory workerPlant and machine operators and assemblersC21Prevalence of HL was 73.3% and the prevalence of hearing impairment was 23.3%. Male workers (63.0%) had higher prevalence of HL than female workers (36.4%). Mean hearing threshold levels of HL respondents were significantly higher than respondents with normal hearing.
(120)Selamat and Zulkifli2016Noise exposurePhysicalHearing lossFactoryFactory workerPlant and machine operators and assemblersC21Nearly all the identified work areas exceeded the action level of 85 dB (A) and four of these areas noise levels are more than 90 dB (A) which is the permissible exposure limit. For the questionnaire, it was found that annoyance topped the noise effect list with 51.4%, followed by stress with 40.0%, hearing deterioration (14.3%), and job performance deterioration (2.9%).
NS: not specified. SS = sample size, 1 = 150 and above, 2 =< 150, SD = study design, 1 = cross-sectional, 2 = case-control, 3 = others, Malaysia Standard Industrial Classification (MSIC) 2008, A: agriculture, forestry, and fishing, C: manufacturing, E: water supply; sewerage, waste management, and remediation activities, F: construction, G: wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycle, H: transportation and storage, I: accommodation and food service activities, O: public administration and defense; compulsory social security, P: education, Q: human health and social work activities, and R: arts, entertainment, and recreation.