Pesticide Residues and Effect of Household Processing in Commonly Consumed Vegetables in Jimma Zone, Southwest Ethiopia

Table 2

Mean concentration ± SD (mg/kg) of pesticide residues in commonly consumed vegetables in Jimma zone, southwest Ethiopia, 2021.

Pesticide residues

Mean pesticide residue concentration in potato samples

MRL mg/kg

Mean pesticide residue concentrations in onion sample

MRL mg/kg

Mean pesticide residue concentrations in cabbage samples

MRL mg/kg

S1

S2

S3

S4

S1

S2

S3

S4

S1

S2

S3

S4

o,p’-DDT

0.008

ND

0.0050 ± 0.001

ND

0.05∗

0.029

0.06 ± 0.03

0.06 ± 0.05

0.13 ± 0.02

0.01^β

ND

ND

ND

ND

0.05∗

p,p’-DDD

ND

0.005

0.004

0.006

0.05∗

0.039

0.057 ± 0.009

0.046 ± 0.004

0.24 ± 0.04

0.01^β

ND

ND

ND

ND

0.05∗

p,p’-DDE

0.003

ND

ND

ND

0.05∗

0.582

0.003 ± 0.0007

0.001 ± 0.0002

0.0130 ± 0.002

0.01^β

ND

ND

ND

ND

0.05∗

p,p’-DDT

ND

ND

0.015

ND

0.05∗

0.516

0.232 ± 0.167

0.174 ± 0.145

1.512 ± 0.415

0.01^β

ND

ND

ND

ND

0.05∗

Cypermethrin

3.89 ± 0.57

4.9 ± 1.4

6.3 ± 0.7

0.8 ± 0.3

0.01^α

47.5 ± 5.9

138.7 ± 6.33

90.35 ± 5.75

365.1 ± 70.4

0.01^α or 0.1∗

2.99

3.2 ± 0.2

2.87 ± 0.58

2.8 ± 1.2

0.7^α

Deltamethrin

0.015 ± 0.004

0.022 ± 0.002

0.005 ± 0.003

0.012 ± 0.005

0.01^α

0.85 ± 0.29

0.61 ± 0.25

0.46 ± 0.16

1.19 ± 0.38

0.05^α or 0.06∗

0.019 ± 0.005

0.028 ± 0.005

0.014 ± 0.004

0.026 ± 0.003

2.0^α or 0.1

Heptachlor

0.04 ± 0.01

0.01 ± 0.0003

0.06 ± 0.007

0.07 ± 0.009

0.01^β

0.18 ± 0.008

0.42 ± 0.15

0.18 ± 0.12

0.75 ± 0.24

0.01^β

0.013

0.006 ± 0.001

0.01 ± 0.002

0.25 ± 0.009

0.01∗

γ-Chlordane

0.004 ± 0.002

0.05 ± 0.02

0.004 ± 0.0002

0.004 ± 0.001

0.02^α

0.005 ± 0.0005

0.03 ± 0.001

0.01 ± 0.003

0.11 ± 0.09

0.02^α

0.007

0.005 ± 0.0009

0.004 ± 0.002

0.005 ± 0.0009

0.02^α; Or 0.01

Dimethachlor

1.52 ± 0.67

2.69 ± 0.99

0.24 ± 0.07

4.4 ± 0.4

0.01^β

0.85 ± 0.18

2.38 ± 0.80

1.65 ± 0.51

3.13 ± 1.06

0.01^β

12.71

0.52 ± 0.41

0.13 ± 0.09

1.64 ± 0.56

0.01^β

Lindane

0.02

0.04 ± 0.006

0.05 ± 0.01

0.06 ± 0.01

0.01^α

0.14 ± 0.006

0.37 ± 0.04

0.21 ± 0.06

0.81 ± 0.24

0.01^α

0.005

0.03 ± 0.009

0.008 ± 0.002

0.03 ± 0.007

0.01^α

Note. ND = not detected, MRL = maximum residue limit, S₁ = mixed vegetable sample from Jimma town Merkato market, S₂ = mixed vegetable sample from Jimma town Kochi market, S₃ = mixed vegetable sample from Shebe market, S₄ = mixed vegetable sample from Serbo market, α = Codex Alimentarius MRL value,  = European Union MRL value, and β = recommended Default codex MRL for pesticides in food commodities without established maximum residue limit.