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| Signal pathways involved in the effect of luteolin | Pharmacological effects of luteolin | Reference |
|
| Inhibiting the IKK/IκBα/NF-κB pathway | Suppressing TNF-α mediated vascular inflammation and the expression of MCP-1, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 | [156] |
| Inhibiting the JAK/STAT3 pathway | Promoting endothelial differentiation and proliferation, widely reducing the expression of inflammatory factors, and reducing the accumulation of ROS-related cholesterol-hydroxylated substances | [158] |
| Unclear | Modulating SERCA2a via Sp1 upregulation to attenuate myocardial ischemia | [153] |
| Activating the ERK/PP1a/PLB/SERCA2a pathway | Enhancing the contractile function of myocardial cells, reducing the infarct size, reducing the release of lactate dehydrogenase, and reducing cell apoptosis | [154] |
| Activating the PI3K/Akt pathway | Improving the level of SERCA2a and ATPase activity, reducing apoptosis, and enhancing heart function as well as reducing fibrosis of the heart muscle in the heart failure model | [152] |
| Unclear | Alleviating ischemia-reperfusion injury, reducing cell apoptosis, and improving cardiac function | [148] |
| Inhibiting the p38MAPK pathway | Increasing the contractile function of myocardial cells, reducing cell apoptosis, and promoting the excitation-contraction coupling of myocardial cells | [155] |
| Inhibiting the p38MAPK pathway | Reducing the level of cellular oxidative stress, promoting the recovery of myocardial cells, reducing the level of LDH, enhancing the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as SOD, and reducing the production of ROS and MDA in cells | [150] |
| Activating the PI3K/Akt pathway | Restoring heart function, reducing infarct size, reducing the lactate LDH level, and reducing the cell apoptosis rate | [146] |
| Inhibiting the SHP-1/STAT3 pathway | Reducing the myocardial infarction area, increasing left ventricular ejection fraction, reducing cell death and serum proinflammatory cytokines, and reducing inflammatory reaction | [147] |
| Inhibiting the p38MAPK/NF-κB pathway | Inhibiting the level of intracellular oxidative stress, reducing the increase of the intracellular calcium level caused by oxidative stress, protecting mitochondrial function, and reducing apoptosis | [151] |
| Inhibiting Nox4/ROS-NF-κB and p38MAPK pathways | Reducing TNF-α induced oxidative stress and inflammation | [157] |
| Unclear | Suppressing the adhesion of monocytes to vascular endothelial cells mediated by TNF-α, reducing the release of VCAM-1 and MCP-1, and reducing aortic inflammation | [33] |
| Unclear | Reducing the expression level of miR-208b-3p and myocardial cell apoptosis after myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury | [145] |
| Inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway | Alleviating myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury, reducing the release of inflammatory factors, and improving cardiac function | [149] |
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