Combined Effects of Domestication and Extraction Technique on Essential Oil Yield, Chemical Profiling, and Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.)

Table 2

Mean values of yield (%, db), chemical composition (%), minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC, (µg/mL)), and IC₅₀ (mg/mL) for essential oils isolated from wild and cultivated R. officinalis using microwave-assisted extraction and the Clevenger hydrodistillation method. Results are mean values followed by SD (n = 3). For each line, values followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 5% probability level.

	Wild rosemary		Cultivated rosemary
	Microwave	Clevenger	Microwave	Clevenger
ROEO yield (%, db)	02.85 ± 0.08^a	01.93 ± 0.07^c	02.04 ± 0.07^b	01.10 ± 0.09^d
ROEO composition (%)
α-Pinene	42.03 ± 0.15^a	26.20 ± 0.07^b	14.78 ± 0.28^c	14.07 ± 0.80^d
Camphene	02.52 ± 0.09^c	02.26 ± 0.04^d	08.19 ± 0.07^a	07.96 ± 0.13^b
β-Pinene	00.35 ± 0.04^c	00.41 ± 0.02^c	03.76 ± 0.08^a	02.57 ± 0.24^b
α-Terpinene	00.62 ± 0.05^c	00.55 ± 0.02^d	02.92 ± 0.09^a	02.66 ± 0.18^b
p-Cymene	01.83 ± 0.06^c	01.22 ± 0.08^d	04.18 ± 0.03^a	04.10 ± 0.14^b
Limonene	02.40 ± 0.07^b	02.79 ± 0.08^a	00.64 ± 0.04^d	00.77 ± 0.20^c
1,8-Cineole	31.73 ± 0.48^d	40.72 ± 0.11^a	33.16 ± 0.08^b	32.48 ± 0.56^c
β-Myrcene	02.54 ± 0.09^c	02.09 ± 0.02^d	03.21 ± 0.08^a	03.06 ± 0.03^b
Linalool	00.22 ± 0.07^c	00.23 ± 0.04^c	01.94 ± 0.04^a	01.36 ± 0.45^b
Camphor	12.12 ± 0.08^d	19.66 ± 0.12^a	16.51 ± 0.17^c	18.79 ± 0.42^b
Borneol	00.96 ± 0.11^c	00.53 ± 0.04^d	01.67 ± 0.28^a	01.57 ± 0.05^b
α-Terpineol	01.77 ± 0.07^c	01.46 ± 0.24^d	07.45 ± 0.21^a	07.05 ± 0.20^b
Verbenone	00.18 ± 0.03^d	00.77 ± 0.04^b	00.36 ± 0.04^c	00.86 ± 0.09^a
Bornyl acetate	00.06 ± 0.02^b	00.04 ± 0.00^b	00.85 ± 0.03^a	00.83 ± 0.04^a
β-Caryophyllene	00.00 ± 0.00^c	00.10 ± 0.05^b	00.19 ± 0.02^a	00.12 ± 0.00^b
α-Caryophyllene	00.00 ± 0.00^c	00.15 ± 0.06^b	00.26 ± 0.03^a	00.15 ± 0.01^b
Monoterpene hydrocarbons	49.75	33.43	34.47	32.13
Oxygenated monoterpenes	49.52	65.46	64.30	65.17
Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons	00.00	00.25	00.45	00.27
Other oxygenated compounds	00.06	00.04	00.85	00.83
Total	99.32 ± 0.25^c	99.01 ± 0.17^d	99.61 ± 0.37^a	98.37 ± 0.31^b
MIC (µg/mL)
E. coli	09.83 ± 1.26^d	11.50 ± 1.32^c	13.87 ± 1.31^b	15.50 ± 1.32^a
S. aureus	06.83 ± 0.29^d	08.83 ± 0.76^c	11.17 ± 0.76^b	12.83 ± 0.76^a
B. subtilis	06.17 ± 0.29^d	07.83 ± 0.29^c	09.67 ± 0.76^b	11.50 ± 0.50^a
C. albicans	07.50 ± 0.50^d	09.83 ± 1.06^c	12.67 ± 0.58^b	13.83 ± 0.76^a
IC50 (mg/mL)	02.61 ± 6.18^d	06.48 ± 5.72^b	04.39 ± 5.87^c	08.58 ± 5.85^a

db = dry biomass and ROEO = R. officinalis essential oil.