Enhancing Zinc Uptake through Dual-Modification of Cicer arietinum Protein

Figure 5

Zinc content (a), mineral bioavailability (b), and cellular transport, retention, and uptake (c) of the zinc-bound native chickpea protein (NCP-Zn), zinc-bound succinylated chickpea protein (SCP-Zn), and zinc-bound ultrasonication-treated succinylated chickpea protein (USCP-Zn). The results were expressed as the mean ± standard deviation of ≥3 independent replicates, and error bars represent the standard deviation from the mean values, while different uppercase letters above each bar represent significantly different values based on analysis of variance (ANOVA) and t-tests.

(a)

(b)

(c)