Quercetin and Heart Health: From Molecular Pathways to Clinical Findings

Table 1

Clinical finding about the effects of QU in CVD.

Model	Number of patients	Effects	Results	References
Double-blind randomized QU administered 500 mg/day for 8 weeks	Seventy-two patients	QU administration reduced the concentration of TNF-α and IL-6	QU administration decreased systolic hypertension, no significant changes in blood lipids (HDL-C, LDL-C, TG)	[55]
QU 1 gr/day was administered in healthy humans for 28 days	—	QU had no significant effects on healthy participants in reducing cardiovascular risk	No significant modifications were observed in blood pressure, heart rate, and thrombogenic risk factors	[56]
Administration of QU (3 gr/day) for 2 months	30 CAD patients	QU inhibited NF-кВ-dependent gene expression and decreases the level of TNF-α	QU potentiates the potency of statins and decreases the endothelium degeneration in CAD patients	[44]
Addition of QU as an ultralowering agent in patients with gout and hypertension for 12 months	43 patients with gout and essential hypertension	QU stimulates the Na+-K+-2Cl-cotransporter 1 (NKCC1) which is one main agent in Cl regulation	QU administration developed echocardiographic parameter of diastolic function left ventricular and normalized blood pressure	[57]
QU 150 mg/day administration in CHD patients for 2 months	85 patients with CHD	QU improves the bioavailability of NO and increases myocardial blood flow, prevents apoptosis, and inhibits MMPs and NF-Kβ	Systolic and diastolic LV function improved in this study. QU had advantages in patients with stable CHD patients	[58]
QU 120 mg/day administered for 2 months	85 patients with CAD	Levels of IL-1β and TNF-α were decreased and IL-10 levels had been tended to decrease	QU has protective effects and antioxidative properties in myocardial cells and it enhances membrane rigidity and prevents risk of cardiovascular events	[41]
QU/QU supplements 250 mg/day administered for 10 weeks	34 men with hypertension and CAD after PCI aged 40–60 years	—	Left ventricular systolic and diastolic function increased by QU consumption	[59]
QU 150 mg/day administered for 6 weeks	93 overweight-obese volunteers	QU greatly reduced plasma oxidized LDL and tumor necrosis factor-α	QU reduced the blood pressure in overweight humans	[60]
QU 162 mg/day administered from onion skin extract powder for 6 weeks treatment	70 overweight-to-obese patients with prehypertension and stage I hypertension	QU supplements were not influenced inflammation and oxidative stress parameters in this study	QU significantly decreased 24 h systolic ABP	[61]
150 mg or 300 mg quercetin-4¢-O-b-D-glucoside supplement administration	—	QU has inhibitory effects on platelet aggregation which reduce the risk of cardiovascular events	QU reduced the risk of thrombosis	[62]