Ameliorative Potential of Ginger (Zingiber officinale) following Repeated Coexposure with Fluoride and Dimethoate in Blood and Brain of Wistar Rats

Table 2

Effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Z. officinale on toxicity induced by fluoride and dimethoate alone and in combination with erythrocyte antioxidant system in Wistar rats.

Groups	TAS	GSH	TTH	AE	AChE	CAT
Control	15.71^b ± 1.23	3.37^bc ± 0.27	0.31^c ± 0.01	2.32^c ± 0.35	6065.75^c ± 468.70	35.30^b ± 1.74
1/10 LD50 DM	13.12^ab ± 0.62	1.83^d ± 0.05	0.11^b ± 0.02	0.67^a ± 0.05	5227.38^c ± 307.73	37.31^b ± 1.99
Fluoride (4.5 ppm)	16.46^b ± 1.64	1.66^a ± 0.07	0.13^ab ± 0.03	0.82^a ± 0.09	2361.50^a ± 219.33	35.08^b ± 4.78
DM (1/10) + fluoride (4.5 ppm)	12.09^a ± 0.81	1.12^a ± 0.02	0.06^a ± 0.03	0.37^d ± 0.04	2178.88^a ± 397.49	12.42^a ± 0.87
ZO extract (300 mg/kg)	18.98^bc ± 1.24	2.92^b ± 0.12	0.29^c ± 0.02	0.75^a ± 0.08	5864.75^c ± 158.83	40.29^b ± 2.41
ZO extract + DM	13.85^a ± 1.36	2.03^d ± 0.18	0.27^c ± 0.03	1.95^c ± 0.67	4096.38^b ± 149.51	33.25^b ± 3.50
ZO extract + F^−	16.33^b ± 0.89	1.66^a ± 0.07	0.25^c ± 0.02	1.62^b ± 0.16	4490.13^b ± 493.95	53.40^c ± 7.65
ZO extract + DM + F^−	21.00^c ± 0.42	3.41^b ± 0.57	0.30^c ± 0.02	1.34^b ± 0.22	6480.25^c ± 497.72	40.97^bc ± 3.01
Quercetin (100 mg/kg) + DM + F^−	18.37^b ± 1.17	3.15^cb ± 0.13	0.35^c ± 0.01	1.29^b ± 0.36	7163.75^c ± 652.17	37.05^b ± 3.22

ZO: Zingiber officinale and DM: dimethoate (n = 6). Values having different superscripts (a, b, and c) in a column are statistically different from one another at a 5% level of significance. Values of TAS (total antioxidant status) are expressed in mM. Values of TTH (total thiols) are expressed in μM. Values of reduced glutathione (GSH) are expressed in mM. Values of SOD (superoxide dismutase) and GPx (glutathione peroxidase) are expressed in units/mg of Hb. Values of CAT (catalase) are expressed in μmol H₂O₂ decomposed/min/mg of Hb. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity is expressed in nmol of thiol produced/min. Activities of arylesterase (AE) are expressed in U/mL.