Distant Supervision with Transductive Learning for Adverse Drug Reaction Identification from Electronic Medical Records

Table 4

Example of relevant sentences of pairs of drug-event (d, p, e).

Drugs (d)	Key phrasal patterns (p)	Events (e)	Pattern direction	Sentences
ADR
C0020261 (hydrochlorothiazide)	be-hold-in	C0020625 (hyponatremia)	d → e	However the patient’s sodium was 131 on discharge thus the patient’s HCTZ was-held-in the setting of hyponatremia.
C0000970 (acetaminophen)	be-think	C0002871 (anemia)	e → d	Her anemia is-thought to be due to direct effects of acetaminophen on marrow or indirect via kidneys.
IND
C0020223 (hydrallazine)	be-give-for	C0020538 (hypertension)	d → e	Hydrallazine 20 mg IV was-given-for isolated episode of hypertension and emesis ensued.
C0043031 (warfarin)	be-initiate-for	C0004238 (atrial fibrillation)	e → d	Warfarin was-initiated-for his atrial fibrillation with an initial heparin bridge.

Pattern direction: d → e is drug-event; e → d is event-drug.