|
| Ref. | Emergency context | Target loc. | 1st tier | 2nd tier | 3rd tier | Energy opt. | Infras. connec. | Type of dev. |
| Sensors | Com. tech. | Mobile unit | Com. tech. | Local serv. | Rem. serv. |
|
| [8] | Direct transmission of ECG through mobile network where the nearest medical center can be contacted, and by GPS, the patient can be found and saved. | Outdoors | ECG
EEG | Bluetooth or Zigbee | Smartphone with GPS | GSM or EDGE/Bluetooth or Wi-Fi | Base station | Networked PC
→
Internet
→ healthcare station | — | Traditional | Algorithm evaluation |
|
| [9] | A personal emergency response system with an automatic detection on falls to send an alarm to the caregivers. | Indoors/outdoors | ACC | Bluetooth | Smartphone with internal ACC, GPS, and GUI | — | — | — | Can be reduce the transmission 1st-2nd tiers. 1st detects falls instead of 2nd. | Traditional | System reliability |
|
| [10] | Abnormal medical parameters are sent immediately to medical facilities by reserving priority slots to report them in real time. | Indoors/outdoors | Phys.
Environ.
PAN coord | Bluetooth or Zigbee | Smarthpone or tablet with GPS and GUI | GSM, 3G, or 4G
→
Ambulance
→
VANET | Hospital server | LAN, WLAN
→
Remote database or Doctor’s PDA | Power management mechanism. Efficient MAC protocol to control sensor’s activity | VANET | Model proposal and algorithm evaluation |
|
| [11] | Multiple videos and medical data are multiplexed and transmitted in real time to the hospital. Medical staff can coordinate, visualize, and prearrange treatment. | Indoors/outdoors | Ambient videos | — | Ambulance with cameras, GPS, USG, and vital signs | LTE | Hospital center | — | — | Traditional | Algorithm evaluation |
|
| [12] | Emergency medical information is transmitted directly through a cellular network without multihop communications. It is critical to allocate a dedicated channel to the base station. | Indoors/outdoors | EEG
ACC
ECG
Temp.
BP
EMG
Glucose | Bluetooth | Smartphone | Cellular network or Wi-Fi | Base station | AP
→
Internet
→
Doctor’s PDA | Determine dynamically the number of channels to efficiently utilize the resources of the network | Traditional | Energy scheme evaluation |
|
| [13] | Patient’s vital signs are transmitted simultaneously during a disaster to the medical center for fast analysis and diagnosis. | Indoors/outdoors | HR
RR
BP
SpO2 | Zigbee | Smartphone | LTE or Wi-Fi | Base station | AP
→
Internet
→
Emergency center | NDN reduce upstream traffic to efficiently utilize the resources of the network | Cloud services | Protocol network evaluation |
|
| [14] | In the hospital emergency room, the BAN patient data is displayed in real time to the medical coordinator. Patient may be transferred to further treatment. | Indoors/outdoors | EEG
Positioning
ACC
SpO2
EMG
Glucose
BP
Hearing | MAC IEEE 802.15.4 | BAN coordinator | Internet | Database server | Emergency ambulance device provider system | Energy-aware peering routing protocol | Centralized and distributed services | Routing protocol implement. |
|
| [15] | Wearable light device (WLD) detects an abnormal event. Mobile phone reports an alarm signal to caretaker without user interaction. The caretaker could request further measurements. | Indoors/outdoors | ECG
SpO2
PPG
Temp.
ACC
WLD coord.
Videoconf.
GPS | Bluetooth | Smartphone | — | Caretaker site | — | Only transmits alarms to reduce data transmission | Traditional | System dev. |
|
| [16] | In a web portal to real-time monitoring of health status of elderly, their families or clinicians can visualize a person’s location and status of alarm of abnormal physiological parameters. | Indoors/outdoors | ECG
Temp.
ACC
Glucose
EMG
SpO2
Arduino coord | Bluetooth | Smartphone with GPS and RFID tag | Wi-Fi or LTE | — | Web services
→
Healthcare management system | Fuzzy logic to decide events and minimize communication resources | Internet-of-things | System implement. |
|
| [17] | Heart rate signals are available through PSI network. Alarm is generated and a nearby hospital is notified. The system provides access to EHR. | Indoors/outdoors | ECG
Arduino coord | Zigbee or Bluetooth or Wi-Fi | Smartphone | PSI | Storage and visual. device | — | — | Distributed services | Conceptual and prototype implement. |
|
| [18] | If the m-Carer system detects a critical situation, it sends a message to the location server and to the emergency service to inform the location of the patient. | Outdoors | — | — | Smartphone with GPS | Wi-Fi or 3G | Emergency service | Location and preference servers
→
Internet
→
Doctors, relatives | — | Traditional | System dev. |
|
| [19] | If an abnormal condition is detected such as critical cardiac event, patients are referred to the emergency department. | Indoors/outdoors | ECG | Bluetooth | Smartphone | 3G or Wi-Fi | Clinical decision support | Networked PC
→
Internet
→
Doctor’s PDA | BATCH transmission to improve battery duration versus greedy transmission node | Traditional | System dev. |
|
| [20] | CARA system reasoning is capable to predict possibly risky situations by correlating different sensor readings over time and to notify the emergency. | Indoors/outdoors | ECG
RR
HR
BP
ACC
Environ. | Bluetooth | Smartphone | — | — | Web services
→
Internet
→
Emergency services, caregivers | — | Cloud services | System implement. |
|
| [21] | After detection of a fall or cardiac anomaly, alert enabler system automatically contact patient’s family or emergency services. | Outdoors | Biomedical | Bluetooth | Smartphone with GPS | 3G or Wi-Fi | Local database | Remote database | — | Traditional | App dev. |
|
| [22] | The system monitors continuously the patient’s health condition, and if an emergency situation is detected, a request for ambulance is sent. | Outdoors | ECG
EEG | Bluetooth | Tablet | 3G, 4G or Wi-Fi | — | Web services
→
Internet
→
Doctor’s device | Energy and resource-aware monitoring | Cloud services | Model evaluation and implement. |
|
| [23] | A system allowing real-time analysis of sensors’ data, providing guidance and feedback to the user. This approach generates warnings based on the user’s state, level of activity, and environmental conditions related to patients. | Indoors/outdoors | BP
HR
ECG
EKG
Temp.
Video
Audio
GPS | M2M
Area network | Mobile devices,
M2M gateway | M2M
Communication technology (Internet) | Database server | Doctor’s PDA, insurance companies. | Optimization scheme for movement coordination technique and data routing within the monitored area. | M2M | Movement tracking algorithm evaluation |
|
| [24] | Sports environment monitoring system. An alarm is sent if any hazardous condition appears or any of the defined user upper or lower thresholds are surpassed. | Outdoors | HR
RR
ACC
Temp
Environ. | Bluetooth | Smartwatch or smartphone | Internet (technology not specified) | Emergency services | — | — | Distributed services | Wireless sensor network app develop. |
|
| [25] | A system is developed through a program running on a smartphone integrated with Bluetooth. The smartphone is able to receive data from sensors in order to detect fall and issue alarm. | Indoors/outdoors | ACC
Gyroscope
GPS | Bluetooth | Smartphone | 3G/GSM | | Family and Healthcare providers | Efficient learning algorithm with the highest accuracy running on a cell phone | Traditional | System develop. |
|
| [26] | A context-aware smart solution able to track and determine disabled user’s location. If the user is having a critical health issue, a message will be sent to a caregiver. | Indoors/outdoors | RFID tags (for user’s movements)
GCS
BS
Video
Hearing | RFID/Wi-Fi | APs
Smartphone | Wi-Fi | Database server | Caregiver’s PDA/smartphone | Use of RFID technology | Traditional | System develop. |
|
| [27] | A pervasive health system enabling self-management of chronic patients during their everyday activities. | Indoors/outdoors | HR
SpO2
BP
Weight | Bluetooth | Smartphone (mobile base unit) | 3G/4G
HTTP | — | Medical center
Web-based microblogging services (Twitter) | — | SOA | System develop. |
|
| [28] | Abnormal detection while a heart attack, the smartphone sends the data along with the patient’s location to the remote cloud. A decision support system notifies entrusted emergency centers. | Indoors/outdoors | EEG | Bluetooth | Smartphone with microphone and GPS | UWB, RSSI on WLAN, LBS, Wi-Fi, 4G, and/or RFID | — | Web services
→
Emergency services, doctors | — | Cloud services | System evaluation |
|
| [29] | A patient suffering from CHF is continuously monitored. The cloud services generate alarms to ER services when abnormalities are detected. | Indoors/outdoors | Glucometer
CO2 level
SpO2
ECG | Bluetooth | Tablet or smartphone with GPS | Wi-Fi, LTE | — | Web services
→
MC, doctors, ambulance | A fuzzy-based data fusion technique to remove redundant data | IoT and cloud services | System evaluation |
|
| [30] | In a smart fall detection system, the patient monitored for mobility and fall events are reported as alarms. | Indoors/outdoors | ACC | Bluetooth | Smartphone | Cellular network | — | Web services | — | IoT and cloud services | Algorithm evaluation |
|
| [31] | Emergency is detected and notified by appropriate ringtone or vibration patterns in the smartphone. Also, alerts are sent to the rescuers. | Indoors/outdoors | PPG | Bluetooth | Smartphone | Wi-Fi, 2G, 3G, 4G | — | Web services
→
Doctors, users | Efficient Bluetooth low energy protocol stack | IoT and cloud services | Prototype implement. |
|
| [32] | Different levels of attention but the patient is monitored continuously, and in mobility, it can respond to emergency situations. | Indoors/outdoors | Blood pressure
ECG
ACC
Temperature | Wi-Fi with P2P architecture | Smartphone | Wi-Fi with P2P architecture | Base station | Hospital, doctor’s PC | A dispersed cross-layer optimization algorithm to optimize resources in the network | M2M | Model evaluation and implement. |
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