Effect of Aging on the Lower Limb Kinematics in Karate Practitioners: Comparing Athletes and Their Senseis

Table 2

Mean and standard deviation of the kinematic variables in VetK and YgK participants.

		RASIS	Hip	Knee	Ankle	Forefoot
Max. linear velocity (m/s)	YgK	1.90 ± 0.43	2.28 ± 0.57	5.85 ± 1.07^a	8.46 ± 1.45	9.08 ± 1.67
	VetK	1.74 ± 0.36	2.08 ± 0.40	5.54 ± 0.68	8.45 ± 0.96	8.83 ± 1.11
Max. linear acceleration (m/s^2)	YgK	19.24 ± 5.34^a	20.04 ± 6.32^a	71.11 ± 15.29^a	95.94 ± 17.30	112.30 ± 23.94
	VetK	15.77 ± 3.70	15.10 ± 3.39	59.55 ± 9.66	98.19 ± 14.82	111.23 ± 15.03
Initial angle (deg)	YgK		131.89 ± 10.40	170.00 ± 6.50^a	109.61 ± 23.32
	VetK		131.50 ± 4.54	164.38 ± 7.79	108.28 ± 22.22
Contact angle (deg)	YgK		80.88 ± 26.34	130.52 ± 10.88	101.48 ± 10.98
	VetK		76.46 ± 27.16	128.91 ± 7.11	96.72 ± 6.89
Max. peak angle (deg)	YgK		135.04 ± 9.35	175.40 ± 6.16^a	123.44 ± 17.29
	VetK		133.11 ± 4.23	171.13 ± 6.05	121.64 ± 18.99
Min. peak angle (deg)	YgK		72.57 ± 24.61	69.76 ± 9.79^a	86.48 ± 7.50
	VetK		70.57 ± 20.83	75.31 ± 6.56	87.87 ± 5.25
Range of motion (deg)	YgK		62.47 ± 22.87	105.64 ± 11.73^a	36.96 ± 17.81
	VetK		62.54 ± 18.88	95.82 ± 5.50	33.77 ± 17.28
Max. angular velocity (deg/s)	YgK		340.28 ± 295.68^a	849.30 ± 174.30^a	277.67 ± 162.41
	VetK		196.80 ± 161.20	800.28 ± 60.81	231.23 ± 122.48
Max. angular acceleration (deg/s^2)	YgK		13270.99 ± 7566.46^a	10842.34 ± 3607.07	7736.15 ± 2735.61^a
	VetK		9620.57 ± 4484.34	9903.80 ± 1739.83	7210.76 ± 5717.75

Note: VetK = veteran karate practitioners; YgK = young karate practitioners. Values are mean ± SD. ^aStatistically significant differences between groups (α ≤ 0.05).