Smartphone-Based Remote Self-Management of Chronic Low Back Pain: A Preliminary Study

Table 1

Baseline of subjects’ characteristics.

Variable	Mean (SD)
	SM + PT ()	PT ()
Age	35.00 (10.93)	50.33 (9.29)	0.090
Gender	Male = 4, Female = 1	Female = 3	0.071
Height (cm)	172.80 (7.40)	162.67 (6.43)	0.098
Weight (kg)	64.80 (10.31)	62.00 (15.88)	0.77
Pain duration (month)	35.80 (54.39)	17.00 (17.06)	0.79
Activity level	1.80 (0.45)	1.33 (0.58)	0.39
VAS	5.00 (1.87)	6.00 (1.00)	0.43
PSEQ	38.60 (8.50)	34.33 (8.02)	0.51
RMDQ	6.00 (3.74)	12.00 (3.61)	0.068
SF36
Physical function	74.00 (21.62)	46.67 (28.87)	0.25
Role physical	20.00 (20.92)	16.67 (14.43)	1.00
Bodily pain	44.00 (18.17)	63.33 (5.77)	0.14
General health	49.00 (11.40)	58.33 (20.21)	0.43
Vitality	50.00 (0.00)	63.33 (5.77)	0.036
Social function	52.50 (10.16)	45.83 (7.22)	0.39
Role emotional	39.87 (36.55)	22.22 (38.49)	0.57
Mental health	58.40 (13.15)	66.67 (2.31)	0.39

VAS: Visual Analog Scale; PSEQ: Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire; RMDQ: Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire; SF36: Short Form Health Survey; .