Smartphone-Based Remote Self-Management of Chronic Low Back Pain: A Preliminary Study

Table 3

Comparisons of group difference in VAS, PSEQ, and RMDQ over time.

Outcome measure	Within-group effect			Interaction effect	Between-group effect
	Pre-mid	Mid-post	Pre-post		F
VAS	0.45	0.096	0.086	—	—	0.24
PSEQ	0.24	0.19	0.40	0.076	7.31	0.035
Adjusted PSEQ	0.82	0.033	0.56	0.008	2.43	0.18
RMDQ	0.76	0.28	0.46	0.62	7.30	0.035
Adjusted RMDQ	0.34	0.88	0.64	0.82	2.79	0.16

VAS: Visual Analog Scale; PSEQ: Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire; RMDQ: Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire; SM + PT: self-management + physiotherapy; PT: physiotherapy; pre-mid: pretreatment vs midterm; mid-post: midterm vs posttreatment; post-pre: posttreatment vs pretreatment; .