High Tibial Osteotomy: Review of Techniques and Biomechanics

Table 4

Changes in knee moment after HTO.

Year	Author	Patients	Duration	Force or moment analysis	The influence of nonsurgical limb
2010	Bhatnagar and Jenkyn [76]	30 HTO patients	Pre-HTO, 6 and 12 months post-HTO	(1) ML and MLR were reduced significantly by 0.56% BW and 1.0, respectively; (2) First peak of an EKAM during stance phase was reduced significantly by 1.70% BW  ht; (3) No significant difference was observed between 6 and 12 months post-HTO	—
2013	Meyer et al. [75]	A single subject: Implanted with a tibial prosthesis	—	(1) Total contact force may be changing; (2) KAM is not a suitable indicator of medial contact force in situations	—
2013	Lind et al. [68]	11 male patients with medial OA	Before 12 months and after OWHTO	(1) Mean maximum KAM reduced from 3.9 to 2.7 (% Bw  ht); (2) Maximum of EKFM increased significantly	KAM increased postoperatively from 3.3 to 4.1 (% Bw  ht)
2015	Leitch et al. [70]	14 patients with varus and OA	Before, 6 and 12 months after OWHTO	The peak KAM, KFM, and IRM all decreased significantly after HTO during walking and stair ascent with sustained (12 months) changes in all three orthogonal planes	IRM was higher during stair ascent, while the peak KAM was lower
2015	Marriott et al. [71]	33 patients with varus	Before, 2 and 5 years after ACL reconstruction and HTO	(1) The EKAM and KFM in the surgical limb decreased significantly in the peak.; (2) Substantial improvements were maintained at 5 years in all 3 planes during walking.	(1) KAM increase slightly.; (2) KFM decreased.
2017	Da Silva et al. [72]	21 patients with OWHTO	Short-term results of HTO of 6 months	(1) The peak of KAM and KFM was reduced and close to the values of the control group in the coronal plane; (2) The peak KFM and the KEM was increased significantly in the sagittal plane	—