|
| References | Reference axes of shift | Reference axes or measurement methods of flexion | Reference axes or measurement methods of tilt | Reference axes or measurement methods of rotation |
|
| Laprade and Lee [37] | TEA | — | — | — |
| Nha et al. [31] | TEA | TEA | Longitudinal axis of the patella | AP axis of the patella |
| Wilson et al. [38] | TEA | TEA | Longitudinal axis of the patella | Floating axis perpendicular to the first two axes |
| Suzuki et al. [30] | TEA | The angle between the superior-inferior axis of the patella and long axis of the femur projected onto the sagittal plane of the femur | The angle between the ML axis of the patella and the TEA projected onto the transverse plane of the femur | The angle between the ML axis of the patella and the TEA of the femur projected onto the coronal plane of the femur |
| Yao et al. [32] | TEA | TEA | Longitudinal axis of the patella | AP axis of the patella |
| Amis et al. [39] | Axis perpendicular to the long axis of the femoral shaft and parallel to the plane containing the most posterior points of the femoral condyles | Same to the axis of shift | Longitudinal axis of the patella | Floating axis perpendicular to the first two axes |
| Merican and Amis [15] | Axis aligned with the most posterior points of the femoral condyles | Same to the axis of shift | Longitudinal axis of the patella | AP axis crossing geometric center of the patella |
| Philippot et al. [40] | TEA | — | Longitudinal axis of the patella | AP axis of the patella |
| Philippot et al. [41] | — | — | — | AP axis of the patella |
| Philippot et al. [42] | ML axis of patella | — | Longitudinal axis of the patella | AP axis of the patella |
| Stephen et al. [43] | — | — | Longitudinal axis of the patella | — |
| Cheung et al. [44] | TEA | TEA | The line joining the greater trochanter and midpoint between two femoral epicondyles | Cross product of the first two axes |
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