Application of Simulation Methods in Cervical Spine Dynamics

Table 1

Overview of head-neck MB models.

Year	Author	Type	Segment	IVD details	Ligament details	Muscle details	Simulated impact cases
1983	Williams and Belytschko [15]	MB	C1-T1	6 DOF spring	Nonlinear springs	22 pairs, active (stretch-reflex)	Frontal-lateral
1984	Merrill et al. [16]	MB	C0-T1	6 DOF spring/damper	—	7 pairs, passive	Lateral-rear
1987	Deng and Goldsmith et al. [17]	MB	C1–C7	6 DOF spring/damper	—	13 pairs (3 Pt), passive	Lateral-rear
1994	Jakobsson et al. [18]	MB	Human body	—	—	Passive	Rear-end
1996	De Jager et al. [19]	MB	C0-T1	6 DOF spring/damper	Nonlinear viscoelastic	15 pairs, passive	Frontal-lateral
1997	Camacho et al. [20]	MB	C0-T1	3 DOF spring/damper	—	—	Axial
1998	Van den Kroonenberg et al. [21]	MB	Human body	—	—	Passive	Rear
2000	Yamazaki et al. [22]	MB	C0-T1	6 DOF spring/damper	Spring element	15 pairs, active (Hill)	Frontal-lateral
2000	Linder et al. [23]	MB	C0-T1	—	—	Muscle substitutes	Rear
2002	Van Der Horst et al. [24]	MB	C0-T1	6 DOF spring/damper	Nonlinear cables	68 pairs (multi Pt), active (Hill)	Frontal-rear
2004	Lee et al. [25]	MB	C0-T1	6 DOF spring	Nonlinear Cables	22 pairs (multi Pt), active (Hill)	Frontal
2004	Stemper et al. [26]	MB	C0-T1	—	Nonlinear Cables	Passive	Lateral-rear
2004	van Lopik et al. [27]	MB	C0-T1	—	Nonlinear viscoelastic	Passive, active (Hill)	Frontal-rear
2009	Himmetoglu et al. [28]	MB	Human body	Massless spring/damper	Massless spring-damper	Massless spring-damper	Rear
2016	Bruijn et al. [93]	MB	C0-T1	Spring/damper	Nonlinear Cables	Passive	—
2017	Cazzola et al. [94]	MB	Human body	—	—	MASI	Front
2018	Mortensen et al. [95]	MB	C0-T1	—	—	MASI	Lateral

DOF = degrees of freedom; Hill = Hill muscle model; Pt = points; IVD = intervertebral disk; MASI = Musculoskeletal model for the Analysis of Spinal Injuries.