Journal of Healthcare Engineering / 2020 / Article / Tab 5 / Research Article
Chemical Evaluation of Trace Elements in Bottled Water Table 5 Comparison of trace elements with IBWA guidelines with those of different authors.
Sn Micronutrient IBWA guidelines M ± SDCurrent study Krachler and Shotyk [12 ] (Md) Aris et al. [22 ] Mihayo and Mkoma [23 ] Singla et al. [25 ] 1 pH 6.5–8.5 5.96 ± 0.54 X 7.329 ± 0.26 7.4 ± 0.1 6.93 ± 0.023 2 Electrical conductivity (μ S/cm) NA 59.97 ± 58.65 X 0.239 ± 0.066 170.1 ± 111.5 X 3 Total dissolved solids (ppm) 500 4.42 ± 3.69 X 167.20 ± 44.93 76.6 ± 50.2 59.75 ± 53.34 4 Turbidity (NTU) 0.5 0.408 ± 0.195 X X 0.5 ± 0.5 X 5 Residual chlorine (ppm) 0.1 BDL X X X X 6 Chloride (ppm) 250 7.51 ± 3.21 X X 17.2 ± 16.9 17.08 ± 4.58 7 Total hardness (as CaCO3 ) (ppm) NA 14.78 ± 8.43 X X 37.6 ± 17.6 22.49 ± 34.74 8 Calcium (as CaCO3 ) (ppm) NA 3.26 ± 1.55 62.8 X 9.1 ± 3.7 8.33 ± 12.98 9 Magnesium (as CaCO3 ) (ppm) NA 11.51 ± 7.92 13.4 X 3.6 ± 3.0 0.356 ± 0.625 10 Iron (ppm) 0.3 0.0032 ± 0.0017 0.75 X 0.02 ± 0.01 0.010 ± 0.375 11 Zinc (ppm) 5 BDL 0.64 11.55 ± 13.11 X 0.005 ± 0.007 12 Silver (ppm) 0.025 BDL X X X X 13 Copper (ppm) 1 0.0091 ± 0.0116 0.17 0.64 ± 0.53 X 0.746 ± 0.022 14 Cadmium (ppm) 0.005 BDL 0.008 X X X 15 Cobalt (ppm) NA 0.2520 ± 0.0127 0.024 X X X 16 Nickel (ppm) NA 0.0080 ± 0.0082 X X X X 17 Lead (ppm) 0.005 BDL 0.009 X X 0.009 ± 0.016 18 Fluoride (ppm) 3 0.047 ± 0.0139 X X X 0.079 ± 0.082 19 Sodium (ppm) NA 12.65 ± 10.90 0.17 22431.00 ± 29514.15 X 3.478 ± 2.070 20 Potassium (ppm) NA 1.41 ± 2.00 X 2845.00 ± 2252.58 X 4.99 ± 1.243
Not enforceable; NA: value not available in guideline;
X : not assessed by the author;
M ± SD: mean ± standard deviation; BDL: below detection limit; Md: median.