Chemical Evaluation of Trace Elements in Bottled Water

Table 5

Comparison of trace elements with IBWA guidelines with those of different authors.

Sn	Micronutrient	IBWA guidelines	M ± SD
			Current study	Krachler and Shotyk [12] (Md)	Aris et al. [22]	Mihayo and Mkoma [23]	Singla et al. [25]
1	pH	6.5–8.5	5.96 ± 0.54	X	7.329 ± 0.26	7.4 ± 0.1	6.93 ± 0.023
2	Electrical conductivity (μS/cm)	NA	59.97 ± 58.65	X	0.239 ± 0.066	170.1 ± 111.5	X
3	Total dissolved solids (ppm)	500	4.42 ± 3.69	X	167.20 ± 44.93	76.6 ± 50.2	59.75 ± 53.34
4	Turbidity (NTU)	0.5	0.408 ± 0.195	X	X	0.5 ± 0.5	X
5	Residual chlorine (ppm)	0.1	BDL	X	X	X	X
6	Chloride (ppm)	250	7.51 ± 3.21	X	X	17.2 ± 16.9	17.08 ± 4.58
7	Total hardness (as CaCO3) (ppm)	NA	14.78 ± 8.43	X	X	37.6 ± 17.6	22.49 ± 34.74
8	Calcium (as CaCO3) (ppm)	NA	3.26 ± 1.55	62.8	X	9.1 ± 3.7	8.33 ± 12.98
9	Magnesium (as CaCO3) (ppm)	NA	11.51 ± 7.92	13.4	X	3.6 ± 3.0	0.356 ± 0.625
10	Iron (ppm)	0.3	0.0032 ± 0.0017	0.75	X	0.02 ± 0.01	0.010 ± 0.375
11	Zinc (ppm)	5	BDL	0.64	11.55 ± 13.11	X	0.005 ± 0.007
12	Silver (ppm)	0.025	BDL	X	X	X	X
13	Copper (ppm)	1	0.0091 ± 0.0116	0.17	0.64 ± 0.53	X	0.746 ± 0.022
14	Cadmium (ppm)	0.005	BDL	0.008	X	X	X
15	Cobalt (ppm)	NA	0.2520 ± 0.0127	0.024	X	X	X
16	Nickel (ppm)	NA	0.0080 ± 0.0082	X	X	X	X
17	Lead (ppm)	0.005	BDL	0.009	X	X	0.009 ± 0.016
18	Fluoride (ppm)	3	0.047 ± 0.0139	X	X	X	0.079 ± 0.082
19	Sodium (ppm)	NA	12.65 ± 10.90	0.17	22431.00 ± 29514.15	X	3.478 ± 2.070
20	Potassium (ppm)	NA	1.41 ± 2.00	X	2845.00 ± 2252.58	X	4.99 ± 1.243

Not enforceable; NA: value not available in guideline; X: not assessed by the author; M ± SD: mean ± standard deviation; BDL: below detection limit; Md: median.