| | Aspect | Attribute | Description | Ref |
| | Describe treatment options (C1) | Benefits/risk (C11) | Doctors and patients should discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed treatment options because they may have different views on the relative importance of the benefits, disadvantages, risks, and costs of treatment. | [11, 31, 42–44] | | Feasibility of options (C12) | Doctors and patients should review the feasibility of treatment options based on a variety of reference information, including the patientʼs physical condition, treatment methods, and costs. | [11, 31, 45] | | List options (C13) | Doctors should make a clear list of treatment options based on medical and clinical knowledge. Patients should also propose other treatment options of which they may know. | [4, 5, 11, 31, 44, 46] | | Present evidence (C14) | Doctors should base decisions on existing medical evidence. | [11, 31] |
| | Make the decision (C2) | Document (discussion about) decision (C21) | It is important to record the issues and decisions related to the treatment options discussed by doctors and patients, including patient concerns, preferences, and information needs as well as treatment and nursing methods. | [11, 43] | | Make or explicitly defer decision (C22) | Patients do not always make decisions when they first discuss problems, postponing them to a later time (e.g., waiting for discussions with families and/or medical team members). Doctors and patients should therefore arrange follow-up visits to track outstanding decisions and reach a resolution. | [11, 21, 31, 33, 34, 46, 47] | | Patient retains ultimate authority over decision (C23) | Patients should maintain decision-making power pertaining to final treatment options. | [11, 45, 48] | | Revisiting decision (C24) | In cases where the available treatment options cannot produce the expected health results, the patient may reconsider the decision. | [11, 44, 45] |
| | Patient preferences (C3) | Patient concerns (C31) | Clinicians should consider the concerns (fears) of patients pertaining to treatment options, including postoperative recovery, quality of life, and medical expenses. | [11, 21, 32] | | Patient goals of care (C32) | Clinicians should consider the expectations of patients in terms of nursing objectives (preoperative and postoperative). | [4, 11, 21] | | Patient values and preferences (C33) | Clinicians should consider the values of patients (e.g., outlook on life, concepts, spirit, and culture). | [4, 11, 21, 31] |
| | Tailor information (C4) | Ascertain preferred information (C41) | Clinicians should provide patients with all important information. | [11, 47] | | Check understanding patient (C42) | Clinicians should confirm the overall situation of the patient, including illness, concerns, and preferences. | [11, 31, 44, 47] | | Flexibility approach (C43) | As situations change, doctors and patients should be prepared to reconsider their decision(s). The decision-making process must remain flexible. | [11, 31] | | Use clear language (C44) | Clinicians should use simple language in the provision of information to patients. | [5, 11, 49] |
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