|
| | Variables | Description | Mean | Std. Dev. | Min | Max |
|
| Digital access | Dependent variables | | | | | |
| Internet access | Dummy variable equals 1 if respondent’s household has broadband Internet connection | 0.162 | 0.368 | 0 | 1 |
| Mobile phone access | Dummy variable equals 1 if members of respondent’s household own mobile phones | 0.782 | 0.413 | 0 | 1 |
|
| SES | Independent variables | | | | | |
| PCE | Household members’ total per capita expenditure in the past year is used as the measurement of income | 2710.375 | 6906.97 | 0 | 233000 |
| Education | Education is categorized into four groups: illiterate, primary (home school or elementary school), middle (middle school, high school, or vocational school), and high (college and above) | | | | |
| IlliterateEDU | Percentage of respondents without formal education | 27.29 | 0.819 | 0 | 1 |
| PrimaryEDU | Percentage of respondents who completed elementary school | 39.304 | 0.819 | 0 | 1 |
| MediumEDU | Percentage of respondents who completed middle school | 31.025 | 0.819 | 0 | 1 |
| HighEDU | Percentage of respondents with higher education | 2.378 | 0.819 | 0 | 1 |
| Residence | Type of hukou: urban hukou is 1 and rural hukou is 0 | 0.22 | 0.414 | 0 | 1 |
|
| Chronic disease | Chronic disease | Diagnosed with three or more chronic diseases (yes = 1, no = 0) | 0. 186 | 0.389 | 0 | 1 |
|
| Social capital | Social capital | Social capital is measured by a composite score. 12 dichotomous variables are measured by asking whether the respondent or spouse in the past year received/provided any economic supports from/to noncoresident parents/parents-in-law/children/grandchildren/relatives/nonrelatives. These dichotomous values are added to form a composite score | 1.008 | 1.066 | 0 | 8 |
|
| Demographic variables | Sex | Percentage of female respondents (female = 1, male = 0) | 0.512 | 0.500 | 0 | 1 |
| Age | Aged 45 to 59 is middle-age level, 60 to 74 is presenior level, and 75+ is senior level | | | | |
| Aged 45–59 | Percentage of respondents aged 45 to 59 | 55.93 | 0.651 | | |
| Aged 60–74 | Percentage of respondents aged 60 to 74 | 35.32 | 0.651 | | |
| Aged above 75 | Percentage of respondents aged over 75 | 8.75 | 0.651 | | |
| Marital | Dummy variable equals 1 if married or separated and 0 if single, divorced, or widowed | 0.871 | 0.335 | 0 | 1 |
|
| Public goods | Community infrastructure | Community infrastructure is measured by a composite score. 14 dichotomous variables are measured by asking whether the community has certain infrastructure (e.g., basketball facilities), organizations (e.g., dance team), and public services (e.g., employment service center) | 3.523 | 3.568 | 0 | 14 |
| Public investment | General budgetary expenditure (education, social safety net and employment effort, medical and healthcare services, agriculture forestry, and water conservation) of respondent’s local government (one hundred million RMB per 10,000 people) | 3.799 | 13.13 | 0.1 | 94 |
|
| Living arrangement | HouseholdSize | Number of family members living in the same household | 3.725 | 1.771 | 2 | 16 |
| Coresidence grandchildren | Percentage of respondents living with grandchildren over 16 years old | 0.053 | 0.223 | 0 | 1 |
| Coresidence children | Percentage of respondents living with adult children | 0.556 | 0.497 | 0 | 1 |
|
| Instrumental variables | Migration | Equals 1 if respondent’s first hukou (usually obtained as infant or child) is not his/her current hukou | 0.49 | 0.500 | 0 | 1 |
| Siblings | Number of respondents’ living siblings | 3.140 | 1.929 | 0 | 11 |
| Observations | | 16316 | | | |
|
