Research Article
Social Capital and Digital Divide: Implications for Mobile Health Policy in Developing Countries
Table 3
Estimates of effect on digital access.
| | Internet access | Mobile phone access | Probit model (1) | Two-step IV-probit model (2) | IV-probit model (3) | Probit model (4) | Two-step IV-probit model (5) | IV-probit model (6) |
| PCE(Log) | 0.10 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.12 | 0.06 | 0.04 | (8.72) | (4.08) | (2.59) | (18.14) | (4.62) | (3.17) | PrimaryEDU | 0.23 | 0.19 | 0.14 | 0.36 | 0.31 | 0.19 | (5.41) | (4.13) | (3.33) | (11.74) | (7.38) | (5.06) | MediumEDU | 0.50 | 0.46 | 0.34 | 0.57 | 0.51 | 0.32 | (11.28) | (9.25) | (5.51) | (14.78) | (10.19) | (6.03) | HighEDU | 1.11 | 0.88 | 0.66 | 0.61 | 0.24 | 0.15 | (12.99) | (7.67) | (4.28) | (5.57) | (1.73) | (1.43) | Residence | 0.64 | 0.79 | 0.60 | 0.03 | 0.26 | 0.16 | (18.85) | (14.07) | (12.29) | (0.90) | (4.20) | (5.49) | ChronicDisease | −0.16 | −0.22 | −0.17 | −0.02 | −0.11 | −0.07 | (−4.14) | (−4.97) | (−5.21) | (−0.50) | (−2.50) | (−2.65) | SocialCapital | 0.02 | 0.79 | 0.64 | 0.10 | 1.29 | 0.81 | (1.52) | (3.72) | (6.50) | (7.87) | (5.88) | (17.19) | Sex | 0.14 | 0.11 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.01 | (4.99) | (3.32) | (2.73) | (2.83) | (0.57) | (0.55) | Aged 60–74 | −0.31 | −0.27 | −0.20 | −0.49 | −0.41 | −0.26 | (−9.19) | (−6.68) | (−4.33) | (−17.78) | (−10.54) | (−5.77) | Aged above 75 | −0.34 | −0.38 | −0.29 | −0.93 | −0.99 | −0.61 | (−5.06) | (−5.18) | (−4.81) | (−20.72) | (−15.76) | (−8.50) | HouseholdSize | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.11 | 0.14 | 0.09 | (4.31) | (4.91) | (5.58) | (9.13) | (9.72) | (8.24) | CoresidenceChildren | 0.62 | 0.74 | 0.56 | 0.39 | 0.58 | 0.36 | (15.78) | (13.46) | (10.99) | (10.42) | (10.10) | (10.28) | Coresidence grand children | 0.28 | 0.17 | 0.12 | 0.45 | 0.28 | 0.17 | (4.17) | (2.15) | (1.80) | (6.96) | (3.27) | (2.67) | Marital | 0.14 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.10 | −0.01 | −0.00 | (2.82) | (1.29) | (1.15) | (2.73) | (−0.13) | (−0.15) | CommunityInfrastructure | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | (22.42) | (18.93) | (7.19) | (4.86) | (2.87) | (2.60) | PublicInvestment(Log) | 0.08 | 0.14 | 0.10 | 0.05 | 0.13 | 0.08 | (7.54) | (7.13) | (10.79) | (4.68) | (6.40) | (9.16) | Constant | −3.22 | −3.79 | −2.89 | −0.92 | −1.82 | −1.13 | (−29.71) | (−19.86) | (−12.50) | (−12.59) | (−9.66) | (−18.25) | athrho | | | −0.79 | | | −1.06 | | | (−4.29) | | | (−7.30) | lnsigma | | | 0.05 | | | 0.05 | | | (6.28) | | | (6.28) | Wald test of exogeneity: chi2(1) = 18.41 prob > chi2 = 0.0000 | | | Wald test of exogeneity: chi2(1) = 53.33 prob > chi2 = 0.0000 | | | | | Obs. | 16316 | 16316 | 16316 | 16316 | 16316 | 16316 | Pseudo R2 | 0.26 | .z | .z | 0.20 | .z | .z |
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t-values are in parentheses. , , . |