Social Capital and Digital Divide: Implications for Mobile Health Policy in Developing Countries

Table 3

Estimates of effect on digital access.

	Internet access			Mobile phone access
	Probit model (1)	Two-step IV-probit model (2)	IV-probit model (3)	Probit model (4)	Two-step IV-probit model (5)	IV-probit model (6)
PCE(Log)	0.10	0.06	0.04	0.12	0.06	0.04
	(8.72)	(4.08)	(2.59)	(18.14)	(4.62)	(3.17)
PrimaryEDU	0.23	0.19	0.14	0.36	0.31	0.19
	(5.41)	(4.13)	(3.33)	(11.74)	(7.38)	(5.06)
MediumEDU	0.50	0.46	0.34	0.57	0.51	0.32
	(11.28)	(9.25)	(5.51)	(14.78)	(10.19)	(6.03)
HighEDU	1.11	0.88	0.66	0.61	0.24	0.15
	(12.99)	(7.67)	(4.28)	(5.57)	(1.73)	(1.43)
Residence	0.64	0.79	0.60	0.03	0.26	0.16
	(18.85)	(14.07)	(12.29)	(0.90)	(4.20)	(5.49)
ChronicDisease	−0.16	−0.22	−0.17	−0.02	−0.11	−0.07
	(−4.14)	(−4.97)	(−5.21)	(−0.50)	(−2.50)	(−2.65)
SocialCapital	0.02	0.79	0.64	0.10	1.29	0.81
	(1.52)	(3.72)	(6.50)	(7.87)	(5.88)	(17.19)
Sex	0.14	0.11	0.08	0.07	0.02	0.01
	(4.99)	(3.32)	(2.73)	(2.83)	(0.57)	(0.55)
Aged 60–74	−0.31	−0.27	−0.20	−0.49	−0.41	−0.26
	(−9.19)	(−6.68)	(−4.33)	(−17.78)	(−10.54)	(−5.77)
Aged above 75	−0.34	−0.38	−0.29	−0.93	−0.99	−0.61
	(−5.06)	(−5.18)	(−4.81)	(−20.72)	(−15.76)	(−8.50)
HouseholdSize	0.04	0.06	0.05	0.11	0.14	0.09
	(4.31)	(4.91)	(5.58)	(9.13)	(9.72)	(8.24)
CoresidenceChildren	0.62	0.74	0.56	0.39	0.58	0.36
	(15.78)	(13.46)	(10.99)	(10.42)	(10.10)	(10.28)
Coresidence grand children	0.28	0.17	0.12	0.45	0.28	0.17
	(4.17)	(2.15)	(1.80)	(6.96)	(3.27)	(2.67)
Marital	0.14	0.07	0.05	0.10	−0.01	−0.00
	(2.82)	(1.29)	(1.15)	(2.73)	(−0.13)	(−0.15)
CommunityInfrastructure	0.09	0.08	0.06	0.02	0.01	0.01
	(22.42)	(18.93)	(7.19)	(4.86)	(2.87)	(2.60)
PublicInvestment(Log)	0.08	0.14	0.10	0.05	0.13	0.08
	(7.54)	(7.13)	(10.79)	(4.68)	(6.40)	(9.16)
Constant	−3.22	−3.79	−2.89	−0.92	−1.82	−1.13
	(−29.71)	(−19.86)	(−12.50)	(−12.59)	(−9.66)	(−18.25)
athrho			−0.79			−1.06
			(−4.29)			(−7.30)
lnsigma			0.05			0.05
			(6.28)			(6.28)
	Wald test of exogeneity: chi^2(1) = 18.41 prob > chi^2 = 0.0000			Wald test of exogeneity: chi^2(1) = 53.33 prob > chi^2 = 0.0000
Obs.	16316	16316	16316	16316	16316	16316
Pseudo R^2	0.26	.z	.z	0.20	.z	.z

t-values are in parentheses. , , .