Effectiveness of Insole Colour on Impact Loading and Lower-Limb Kinematics When Running at Preferred and Nonpreferred Speeds

Table 2

Coefficient of variation (CV) of ground reaction force and spatiotemporal and joint angle variables by insole colour and speed conditions.

Variables	Speed	Red	Blue	White	ANOVA ( value)			Post hoc
					Colour	Speed	Interaction
Peak impact force (%)	S	2.91 (1.26)	2.92 (0.92)	2.80 (1.08)	0.895	0.420	0.134
	P	2.20 (0.89)	2.57 (0.78)	2.94 (1.46)
	F	3.25 (2.58)	2.49 (0.89)	2.48 (0.71)
Max loading rate (%)	S	14.26 (4.20)	11.74 (4.56)	14.13 (5.06)	0.033	0.393	0.817	Red > blue
	P	14.70 (5.82)	11.98 (5.16)	13.18 (3.89)
	F	13.27 (5.34)	11.83 (3.90)	11.99 (3.18)
Contact time (%)	S	3.26 (1.63)	3.04 (1.27)	3.02 (2.28)	0.697	0.061	0.460	—
	P	2.75 (0.85)	2.37 (1.24)	2.76 (0.82)
	F	2.81 (0.92)	2.97 (1.64)	2.41 (0.88)
Stride length (%)	S	1.64 (0.68)	1.36 (0.57)	1.44 (0.73)	0.780	0.861	0.254	—
	P	1.37 (0.37)	1.37 (0.59)	1.71 (0.84)
	F	1.58 (1.41)	1.48 (0.60)	1.19 (0.43)
Ankle dorsiflexion at touchdown (%)	S	7.89 (3.38)	10.47 (5.44)	9.32 (4.75)	0.208	0.652	0.959	—
	P	8.87 (3.14)	8.85 (5.12)	8.50 (4.55)
	F	8.94 (6.65)	7.38 (2.65)	10.00 (5.55)
Ankle inversion at touchdown (%)	S	55.00 (17.28)	109.19 (122.31)	64.67 (75.11)	0.570	0.108	0.446	—
	P	52.83 (23.10)	67.42 (60.17)	56.96 (32.80)
	F	68.62 (43.70)	105.76 (134.26)	135.91 (226.86)
Ankle sagittal RoM (%)	S	9.47 (3.36)	7.40 (2.77)	7.32 (3.50)	0.182	0.038	0.144	S > P, F
	P	7.01 (2.37)	6.82 (2.39)	6.83 (3.16)
	F	7.03 (1.66)	8.09 (3.41)	6.23 (2.64)
Ankle frontal RoM (%)	S	16.54 (4.84)	18.51 (6.82)	18.13 (7.76)	0.643	0.356	0.508	—
	P	17.64 (7.31)	17.84 (8.39)	17.42 (6.07)
	F	17.51 (5.29)	17.48 (12.03)	14.41 (4.11)

S, slow; P, preferred; F, fast. Indicating a significant effect, .