| | Variable | Total (n = 511) | Testing set (n = 153) | Training set (n = 358) | Statistical magnitude | P |
| | Gender, n (%) | | | | χ 2 = 0.012 | 0.911 | | Male | 292 (57.14) | 88 (57.52) | 204 (56.98) | | | | Female | 219 (42.86) | 65 (42.48) | 154 (43.02) | | |
| | Marital status, n (%) | | | | χ 2 = 5.188 | 0.393 | | Divorced | 34 (6.65) | 10 (6.54) | 24 (6.70) | | | | Married | 247 (48.34) | 73 (47.71) | 174 (48.60) | | | | Separated | 3 (0.59) | 0 (0.00) | 3 (0.84) | | | | Single | 85 (16.63) | 32 (20.92) | 53 (14.80) | | | | Unknown | 14 (2.74) | 4 (2.61) | 10 (2.79) | | | | Widowed | 128 (25.05) | 34 (22.22) | 94 (26.26) | | |
| | Ethnicity, n (%) | | | | χ 2 = 3.443 | 0.632 | | Asian | 18 (3.52) | 3 (1.96) | 15 (4.19) | | | | Black | 93 (18.20) | 28 (18.30) | 65 (18.16) | | | | Hispanic or Latino | 12 (2.35) | 5 (3.27) | 7 (1.96) | | | | Others | 11 (2.15) | 2 (1.31) | 9 (2.51) | | | | Unknown | 43 (8.41) | 12 (7.84) | 31 (8.66) | | | | White | 334 (65.36) | 103 (67.32) | 231 (64.53) | | |
| | LOS, M (Q1, Q3) | 2.60 (1.37, 4.79) | 2.93 (1.41, 5.02) | 2.41 (1.35, 4.38) | Z = 1.135 | 0.256 | | Age, M (Q1, Q3) | 74.39 (69.69, 80.12) | 73.98 (69.44, 79.66) | 74.60 (69.92, 80.30) | Z = −0.983 | 0.326 | | Respiratory rate, mean ± SD | 19.08 ± 5.76 | 18.76 ± 6.00 | 19.22 ± 5.66 | t = −0.84 | 0.404 | | Temperature, mean ± SD | 36.46 ± 0.95 | 36.35 ± 0.97 | 36.51 ± 0.94 | t = −1.74 | 0.083 | | Heart rate, mean ± SD | 82.59 ± 17.99 | 82.61 ± 17.29 | 82.58 ± 18.30 | t = 0.01 | 0.989 | | SBP, mean ± SD | 126.43 ± 28.02 | 126.34 ± 29.08 | 126.47 ± 27.60 | t = −0.05 | 0.962 | | DBP, mean ± SD | 58.35 ± 16.25 | 57.85 ± 13.00 | 58.56 ± 17.48 | t = −0.51 | 0.611 | | MAP, mean ± SD | 78.60 ± 18.90 | 79.54 ± 16.45 | 78.19 ± 19.87 | t = 0.79 | 0.428 | | SpO2, mean ± SD | 96.98 ± 4.73 | 97.16 ± 3.84 | 96.91 ± 5.06 | t = 0.62 | 0.534 | | WBC, M (Q1, Q3) | 9.70 (7.30, 12.70) | 9.40 (7.00, 12.00) | 9.70 (7.40, 12.70) | Z = −1.160 | 0.246 | | RBC, mean ± SD | 3.65 ± 0.71 | 3.62 ± 0.74 | 3.66 ± 0.70 | t = −0.59 | 0.555 | | Sodium, mean ± SD | 137.70 ± 4.71 | 138.10 ± 4.17 | 137.53 ± 4.92 | t = 1.33 | 0.183 | | Potassium, mean ± SD | 4.64 ± 0.97 | 4.67 ± 0.96 | 4.64 ± 0.98 | t = 0.34 | 0.737 | | Phosphate, M (Q1, Q3) | 4.00 (3.30, 4.90) | 4.00 (3.30, 4.70) | 4.00 (3.30, 4.90) | Z = −0.253 | 0.800 | | Calcium, mean ± SD | 8.69 ± 0.95 | 8.66 ± 0.96 | 8.71 ± 0.94 | t = −0.58 | 0.562 | | PLT, M (Q1, Q3) | 216.00 (169.00, 288.00) | 208.00 (159.00, 269.00) | 218.50 (173.00, 289.00) | Z = −1.352 | 0.176 | | Lactate, M (Q1,Q3) | 1.60 (1.22, 2.20) | 1.60 (1.20, 2.30) | 1.60 (1.26, 2.20) | Z = 0.520 | 0.603 | | INR, M (Q1,Q3) | 1.20 (1.10, 1.50) | 1.20 (1.10, 1.50) | 1.20 (1.10, 1.40) | Z = 0.507 | 0.612 | | MCV, mean ± SD | 90.89 ± 7.56 | 91.00 ± 7.42 | 90.85 ± 7.63 | t = 0.20 | 0.838 | | Magnesium, mean ± SD | 2.05 ± 0.45 | 2.08 ± 0.52 | 2.04 ± 0.42 | t = 0.97 | 0.334 | | Glucose, M (Q1, Q3) | 166.00 (125.00, 242.00) | 162.00 (124.00, 230.00) | 168.50 (125.00, 249.00) | Z = −0.668 | 0.504 | | Creatinine, M (Q1, Q3) | 2.70 (1.70, 4.30) | 2.80 (1.80, 4.40) | 2.65 (1.70, 4.30) | Z = 1.156 | 0.248 | | BUN, M (Q1, Q3) | 45.00 (31.00, 68.00) | 42.00 (32.00, 69.00) | 46.00 (31.00, 68.00) | Z = −0.179 | 0.858 | | Bicarbonate, mean ± SD | 24.37 ± 5.39 | 24.41 ± 5.25 | 24.36 ± 5.46 | t = 0.09 | 0.927 | | Hematocrit, mean ± SD | 32.91 ± 6.02 | 32.63 ± 6.23 | 33.03 ± 5.93 | t = −0.69 | 0.493 | | Hemoglobin, mean ± SD | 10.81 ± 1.95 | 10.73 ± 2.02 | 10.84 ± 1.93 | t = −0.62 | 0.538 | | MCHC, mean ± SD | 32.85 ± 1.60 | 32.84 ± 1.66 | 32.85 ± 1.58 | t = −0.09 | 0.932 | | RDW, mean ± SD | 15.81 ± 1.89 | 15.77 ± 1.74 | 15.82 ± 1.95 | t = −0.28 | 0.782 | | COPD, n (%) | | | | χ 2 = 1.254 | 0.263 | | No | 419 (82.00) | 121 (79.08) | 298 (83.24) | | | | Yes | 92 (18.00) | 32 (20.92) | 60 (16.76) | | |
| | AF, n (%) | | | | χ 2 = 1.665 | 0.197 | | No | 286 (55.97) | 79 (51.63) | 207 (57.82) | | | | Yes | 225 (44.03) | 74 (48.37) | 151 (42.18) | | |
| | Liver cirrhosis, n (%) | | | | χ 2 = 0.269 | 0.604 | | No | 488 (95.50) | 145 (94.77) | 343 (95.81) | | | | Yes | 23 (4.50) | 8 (5.23) | 15 (4.19) | | |
| | Respiratory failure, n (%) | | | | χ 2 = 3.798 | 0.051 | | No | 355 (69.47) | 97 (63.40) | 258 (72.07) | | | | Yes | 156 (30.53) | 56 (36.60) | 100 (27.93) | | |
| | Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | | | | χ 2 = 0.956 | 0.328 | | No | 267 (52.25) | 85 (55.56) | 182 (50.84) | | | | Yes | 244 (47.75) | 68 (44.44) | 176 (49.16) | | |
| | Malignant cancer, n (%) | | | | χ 2 = 1.571 | 0.210 | | No | 405 (79.26) | 116 (75.82) | 289 (80.73) | | | | Yes | 106 (20.74) | 37 (24.18) | 69 (19.27) | | |
| | SAPS-II score, mean ± SD | 42.79 ± 11.78 | 43.12 ± 12.47 | 42.66 ± 11.48 | t = 0.41 | 0.686 | | SOFA score, M (Q1, Q3) | 6.00 (4.00, 8.00) | 6.00 (4.00, 8.00) | 5.00 (4.00, 7.00) | Z = 2.131 | 0.033 | | Insulin, n (%) | | | | χ 2 = 2.326 | 0.127 | | No | 33 (6.46) | 6 (3.92) | 27 (7.54) | | | | Yes | 478 (93.54) | 147 (96.08) | 331 (92.46) | | |
| | Metformin, n (%) | | | | Fisher | 0.768 | | No | 497 (97.26) | 148 (96.73) | 349 (97.49) | | | | Yes | 14 (2.74) | 5 (3.27) | 9 (2.51) | | |
| | Survival time, M (Q1, Q3) | 652.00 (87.00, 3650.00) | 770.00 (103.00, 3650.00) | 584.00 (80.00, 3650.00) | Z = 0.813 | 0.416 | | eGFR-MDRD, M (Q1, Q3) | 21.80 (11.97, 34.05) | 18.92 (11.86, 32.84) | 22.16 (12.12, 34.48) | Z = −1.191 | 0.234 | | eGFR-CKD-EPI, M (Q1, Q3) | 21.44 (12.93, 33.35) | 20.47 (11.85, 32.05) | 21.98 (13.41, 33.94) | Z = -1.418 | 0.156 | | CVD, n (%) | | | | χ 2 = 0.328 | 0.567 | | No | 122 (23.87) | 34 (22.22) | 88 (24.58) | | | | Yes | 389 (76.13) | 119 (77.78) | 270 (75.42) | | |
| | CKD, n (%) | | | | χ 2 = 0.564 | 0.453 | | No | 178 (34.83) | 57 (37.25) | 121 (33.80) | | | | Yes | 333 (65.17) | 96 (62.75) | 237 (66.20) | | |
| | Myocardial infarction, n (%) | | | | χ 2 = 0.185 | 0.667 | | No | 341 (66.73) | 100 (65.36) | 241 (67.32) | | | | Yes | 170 (33.27) | 53 (34.64) | 117 (32.68) | | |
| | Hypertension, n (%) | | | | χ 2 = 0.274 | 0.601 | | No | 400 (78.28) | 122 (79.74) | 278 (77.65) | | | | Yes | 111 (21.72) | 31 (20.26) | 80 (22.35) | | |
| | Peripheral vascular disease, n (%) | | | | χ 2 = 0.000 | 0.994 | | No | 481 (94.13) | 144 (94.12) | 337 (94.13) | | | | Yes | 30 (5.87) | 9 (5.88) | 21 (5.87) | | |
| | Survival time within 2 years, M (Q1, Q3) | 730.00(87.00, 730.00) | 730.00(103.00, 730.00) | 730.00(80.00, 730.00) | Z = 0.964 | 0.335 | | Death within 2 years, n (%) | | | | χ 2 = 0.516 | 0.473 | | No | 295 (57.73) | 92 (60.13) | 203 (56.70) | | | | Yes | 216 (42.27) | 61 (39.87) | 155 (43.30) | | |
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LOS: length of stay, SBP: systolic blood pressure, DBP: diastolic blood pressure, MAP: mean arterial pressure, SpO2: peripheral oxygen saturation, WBC: white blood cells, RBC: red blood cells, INR: international normalized ratio, MCV: mean corpuscular volume, MCHC: mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, RDW: red cell distribution width, COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, AF: atrial fibrillation, eGFR-CKD-EPI: the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation for estimated glomerular filtration rate, eGFR-MDRD: the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation for estimated glomerular filtration rate, CKD: chronic kidney disease, CVD: cardiovascular diseases, SOFA: Sequential Organ Failure Assessment, SAPS-II: the simplified acute physiology score-II.
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