| | Variable | Survival within 2 years (n = 203) | Death within 2 years (n = 155) | Statistical magnitude | P |
| | Gender, n (%) | | | χ 2 = 1.495 | 0.221 | | Male | 110 (54.19) | 94 (60.65) | | | | Female | 93 (45.81) | 61 (39.35) | | |
| | Marital status, n (%) | | | χ 2 = 10.722 | 0.057 | | Divorced | 17 (8.37) | 7 (4.52) | | | | Married | 98 (48.28) | 76 (49.03) | | | | Separated | 0 (0.00) | 3 (1.94) | | | | Single | 33 (16.26) | 20 (12.90) | | | | Unknown | 3 (1.48) | 7 (4.52) | | | | Widowed | 52 (25.62) | 42 (27.10) | | |
| | Ethnicity, n (%) | | | Fisher | 0.134 | | Asian | 6 (2.96) | 9 (5.81) | | | | Black | 44 (21.67) | 21 (13.55) | | | | Hispanic or Latino | 4 (1.97) | 3 (1.94) | | | | Others | 7 (3.45) | 2 (1.29) | | | | Unknown | 14 (6.90) | 17 (10.97) | | | | White | 128 (63.05) | 103 (66.45) | | |
| | LOS, M (Q1, Q3) | 2.15 (1.22, 3.66) | 3.01 (1.61, 6.50) | Z = 3.734 | <0.001 | | Age, M (Q1, Q3) | 73.59 (69.32, 80.24) | 76.03 (70.54, 80.87) | Z = 1.770 | 0.077 | | Respiratory rate, mean ± SD | 18.87 ± 5.16 | 19.69 ± 6.23 | t = −1.33 | 0.185 | | Temperature, mean ± SD | 36.59 ± 0.87 | 36.41 ± 1.02 | t = 1.75 | 0.081 | | Heart rate, mean ± SD | 80.12 ± 17.07 | 85.81 ± 19.38 | t = −2.95 | 0.003 | | SBP, mean ± SD | 127.97 ± 27.43 | 124.51 ± 27.80 | t = 1.18 | 0.240 | | DBP, mean ± SD | 58.17 ± 16.54 | 59.08 ± 18.68 | t = −0.49 | 0.625 | | MAP, mean ± SD | 77.33 ± 17.95 | 79.32 ± 22.14 | t = −0.91 | 0.363 | | SpO2, mean ± SD | 96.52 ± 5.86 | 97.42 ± 3.73 | t = −1.77 | 0.077 | | WBC, M (Q1, Q3) | 9.50 (7.30, 12.40) | 10.20 (7.50, 13.00) | Z = 1.211 | 0.226 | | RBC, mean ± SD | 3.72 ± 0.74 | 3.58 ± 0.64 | t = 1.85 | 0.064 | | Sodium, mean ± SD | 137.45 ± 4.91 | 137.63 ± 4.94 | t = −0.34 | 0.733 | | Potassium, mean ± SD | 4.63 ± 1.00 | 4.64 ± 0.95 | t = −0.03 | 0.979 | | Phosphate, M (Q1, Q3) | 3.90 (3.20, 4.80) | 4.00 (3.40, 5.10) | Z = 1.506 | 0.132 | | Calcium, mean ± SD | 8.82 ± 0.96 | 8.57 ± 0.91 | t = 2.48 | 0.014 | | PLT, M (Q1, Q3) | 218.00 (174.00, 273.00) | 220.00 (170.00, 303.00) | Z = 0.113 | 0.910 | | Lactate, M (Q1, Q3) | 1.58 (1.20, 2.10) | 1.70 (1.30, 2.30) | Z = 1.454 | 0.146 | | INR, M (Q1, Q3) | 1.20 (1.10,1.40) | 1.30 (1.10,1.60) | Z = 2.767 | 0.006 | | MCV, mean ± SD | 90.36 ± 7.57 | 91.48 ± 7.67 | t = −1.38 | 0.167 | | Magnesium, mean ± SD | 2.03 ± 0.38 | 2.05 ± 0.46 | t = −0.39 | 0.700 | | Glucose, M (Q1, Q3) | 178.00 (125.00, 253.00) | 163.00 (125.00, 239.00) | Z = −0.995 | 0.320 | | Creatinine, M (Q1, Q3) | 2.30 (1.60, 4.20) | 2.90 (1.90, 4.30) | Z = 2.100 | 0.036 | | BUN, M (Q1,Q3) | 43.00 (30.00,61.00) | 50.00 (32.00,72.00) | Z = 2.447 | 0.014 | | Bicarbonate, mean ± SD | 24.20 ± 4.97 | 24.56 ± 6.05 | t = −0.60 | 0.548 | | Hematocrit, mean ± SD | 33.37 ± 6.28 | 32.59 ± 5.43 | t = 1.24 | 0.215 | | Hemoglobin, mean ± SD | 11.02 ± 2.01 | 10.61 ± 1.79 | t = 2.03 | 0.043 | | MCHC, mean ± SD | 33.05 ± 1.56 | 32.59 ± 1.58 | t = 2.78 | 0.006 | | RDW, mean ± SD | 15.40 ± 1.74 | 16.37 ± 2.07 | t = −4.71 | <0.001 | | COPD, n (%) | | | χ 2 = 1.320 | 0.251 | | No | 173 (85.22) | 125 (80.65) | | | | Yes | 30 (14.78) | 30 (19.35) | | |
| | AF, n (%) | | | χ 2 = 0.612 | 0.434 | | No | 121 (59.61) | 86 (55.48) | | | | Yes | 82 (40.39) | 69 (44.52) | | |
| | Liver cirrhosis, n (%) | | | χ 2 = 0.069 | 0.792 | | No | 194 (95.57) | 149 (96.13) | | | | Yes | 9 (4.43) | 6 (3.87) | | |
| | Respiratory failure, n (%) | | | χ 2 = 4.282 | 0.039 | | No | 155 (76.35) | 103 (66.45) | | | | Yes | 48 (23.65) | 52 (33.55) | | |
| | Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | | | χ 2 = 24.505 | <0.001 | | No | 80 (39.41) | 102 (65.81) | | | | Yes | 123 (60.59) | 53 (34.19) | | |
| | Malignant cancer, n (%) | | | χ 2 = 0.604 | 0.437 | | No | 161 (79.31) | 128 (82.58) | | | | Yes | 42 (20.69) | 27 (17.42) | | |
| | SAPS-II score, mean ± SD | 40.28 ± 10.74 | 45.77 ± 11.71 | t = −4.62 | <0.001 | | SOFA score, M (Q1, Q3) | 5.00 (3.00, 7.00) | 6.00 (4.00, 8.00) | Z = 4.397 | <0.001 | | Insulin, n (%) | | | χ 2 = 3.031 | 0.082 | | No | 11 (5.42) | 16 (10.32) | | | | Yes | 192 (94.58) | 139 (89.68) | | |
| | Metformin, n (%) | | | Fisher | 0.309 | | No | 196 (96.55) | 153 (98.71) | | | | Yes | 7 (3.45) | 2 (1.29) | | |
| | eGFR-MDRD, M (Q1, Q3) | 25.42 (12.48, 39.27) | 20.41 (11.55, 31.45) | Z = −2.266 | 0.023 | | eGFR-CKD-EPI, M (Q1, Q3) | 25.60 (13.67, 36.52) | 19.68 (12.99, 29.23) | Z = −2.705 | 0.007 | | CVD, n (%) | | | χ 2 = 0.590 | 0.442 | | No | 53 (26.11) | 35 (22.58) | | | | Yes | 150 (73.89) | 120 (77.42) | | |
| | CKD, n (%) | | | χ 2 = 3.771 | 0.052 | | No | 60 (29.56) | 61 (39.35) | | | | Yes | 143 (70.44) | 94 (60.65) | | |
| | Myocardial infarction, n (%) | | | χ 2 = 0.022 | 0.881 | | No | 136 (67.00) | 105 (67.74) | | | | Yes | 67 (33.00) | 50 (32.26) | | |
| | Hypertension, n (%) | | | χ 2 = 0.027 | 0.870 | | No | 157 (77.34) | 121 (78.06) | | | | Yes | 46 (22.66) | 34 (21.94) | | |
| | Diabetic retinopathy, n (%) | | | χ 2 = 4.888 | 0.027 | | No | 160 (78.82) | 136 (87.74) | | | | Yes | 43 (21.18) | 19 (12.26) | | |
| | Peripheral vascular disease, n (%) | | | χ 2 = 0.750 | 0.386 | | No | 193 (95.07) | 144 (92.90) | | | | Yes | 10 (4.93) | 11 (7.10) | | |
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LOS: length of stay, SBP: systolic blood pressure, DBP: diastolic blood pressure, MAP: mean arterial pressure, SpO2: peripheral oxygen saturation, WBC: white blood cells, RBC: red blood cells, INR: international normalized ratio, MCV: mean corpuscular volume, MCHC: mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, RDW: red cell distribution width, COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, AF: atrial fibrillation, eGFR-CKD-EPI: the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation for estimated glomerular filtration rate, eGFR-MDRD: the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation for estimated glomerular filtration rate, CKD: chronic kidney disease, CVD: cardiovascular diseases, SOFA: Sequential Organ Failure Assessment, SAPS-II: the simplified acute physiology score-II.
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