Effectiveness of Low-Level Laser Therapy in Patients with Discogenic Lumbar Radiculopathy: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial

Table 3

Statistical analyses of measured changes between the groups.

	VAS		ODI		Lumbar flexion		Lumbar extension
	Pretherapy	Posttherapy	Pretherapy	Posttherapy	Pretherapy	Posttherapy	Pretherapy	Posttherapy
Mann–Whitney U test	1.43 E + 03	710	1.48 E + 03	341	1449	736.5	1228.5	0
Z-score	−0.494	−4.959	−0.195	−7.045	−0.381	−4.663	−1.714	−9.086
Asymp. sig. (two-tailed)	0.622	0.000	0.846	0.000	0.703	0.000	0.087	0.000
Effect size (d)	−1.104		−1.588		0.984		3.641

d: Cohen effect size: d < 0.2, small; 0.2 < d < 0.8, medium; and d > 0.8, large.