Effect of Controlled Microtopography on Osteogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Table 1

The summary of microfabrication techniques.

Methods	Microtopography	Advantages	Disadvantages
Photolithography	Microgroove	Ideal for microstructure	Usually requires a flat surface to start with and chemical post-treatment needed
Laser photoablation	Microgroove and micropit	Wide applicability, high resolution, rapid, repeatable, and contactless process	Multiple treatment sessions and limited
Hot embossing	Microgroove	Cost-effective, precise, rapid, and mass production	Restricted to thermoplastics and difficult to fabricate complex 3D structures
Soft lithography	Microgroove, micropit, and micropillar	Cost-effective and able to fabricate 3D geometries high resolution	Pattern deformation and vulnerable to defect materials