Effects of Knee Flexion Angles on the Joint Force and Muscle Force during Bridging Exercise: A Musculoskeletal Model Simulation

Table 1

Joint forces acting on the lumbar spine and the hip joint determined using the musculoskeletal model.

Joint force (%BW)		60°	90°	120°	χ^2, F	P	η^2
Lumbar	Resultant	200.0 ± 23.2 ††	174.6 ± 18.6††	150.5 ± 15.8	F = 234.62	<0.001	0.536
	PD	141.4 ± 16.4 ††	123.4 ± 13.2††	106.4 ± 11.2	F = 234.57	<0.001	0.536
	AP	13.2 ± 1.3 ††	12.2 ± 1.2††	10.7 ± 1.0	F = 94.67	<0.001	0.462
	ML	−0.38 ± 0.91	−0.29 ± 0.65	−0.23 ± 0.52	F = 0.85	.407	0.008
Hip	Resultant	274.4 ± 63.7†	303.9 ± 85.8†	341.1 ± 85.7	χ^2 = 9.73	.008	0.324
	PD	192.9 ± 45.1†	213.5 ± 60.9	239.5 ± 61.0	χ^2 = 9.73	<0.001	0.324
	AP	−11.3 ± 6.5 ††	−17.0 ± 7.3††	−21.9 ± 8.4	F = 41.69	<0.001	0.268
	ML	28.7 ± 6.8 ††	33.0 ± 4.8††	38.9 ± 5.0	F = 38.87	<0.001	0.373

Note. Lumbar, L4–L5 joint force; Hip, hip joint force; Resultant, resultant force; PD, proximal distal force; AP, anterior posterior force; ML, mediolateral force; vs 90°; vs 90°; † vs 120°; †† vs 120°. Variables excluding the resultant and PD force of the hip joint were assumed to be normally distributed.