Research Article
[Retracted] The Effects of Chewing Gum on Reducing Anxiety and Stress: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Table 2
Summary of study characteristics.
| | Country | Sample (N) | Mean age | Male (%) | Intervention | Scale | Outcome | Treatment group | Intervention time | Evaluation time | Anxiety | Stress |
| Allen, 2015 | UK | 126 | 29 ± 6.7 | 0.31 | Chewing gum | 1 day | 1 day | HADS, self-report questionnaires | No affect | Cannot reduce | Gray, 2012 | UK | 40 | 20.25 | 50 | Chewing gum | >1 week | 1 day | HADS | | Nonsignificant | Scholey, 2009 | Australia | 40 | 21.98 ± 4.79 | 20 | Chewing gum | 20 min | 1 day | VAMS, STAI | Reduce | Reduce | Sketchley-Kay, 2011 | UK | 36 | 20.4 | 13.9 | Chewing gum | 25 min | 1 day | VAMS,STAI | Reduce | | Smith, 2012 | UK | 72 | 19.5 | 8.33 | Chewing gum | 2 weeks | 2 weeks | HADS, PSS | Nonsignificant | Reduce | Torney, 2009 | UK | 40 | 20.9 | 50 | Chewing gum | 5 min | 5 min | VAMS | | Cannot reduce | Walker, 2015 | Austria | 40 | 25.2 ± 4.3 | 100 | Chewing gum | 17 min | 17 min | VAMS,SIMKAP | | Cannot reduce | Yaman-Sözbir, 2019 | Turkey | 100 | 20.5 ± 0.9 | 13.9 | Chewing gum | 7 days, 19 days | 7 days, 19 days | DASS | Reduce | Reduce |
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