Development and Evaluation of BLE-Based Room-Level Localization to Improve Hand Hygiene Performance Estimation

Table 1

Commercial location tracking systems used in healthcare environments (WSN: wireless sensor network, RFID: radio frequency identification, IR: infrared, and BLE: Bluetooth Low Energy).

Device	Technology	Application	Resolution
Polgreen [13]	WSN	HH monitoring	Room level
General Sensing, MedSense Clear [15, 17]	RFID	HH monitoring	Zone level
EcoLab [14]	WSN	HH monitoring	Zone level
Hygienic Echo-Buddy Badge [11, 39]	IR	HH monitoring	Room level
Sani Nudge [16, 18]	BLE	HH monitoring	Zone level
Sonitor [40]	Ultrasound	Asset management, patient flow, staff workflow, HH monitoring	Room level
MidMark [41]	BLE, IR, Wi-Fi	Patient flow, asset management, contact tracing	Zone level
CenTrak [42]	IR, RFID, Wi-Fi	Asset management, staff workflow, HH monitoring	Room level
Stanley Healthcare-AeroScout [43]	Wi-Fi, ultrasound	Asset management, patient flow, staff workflow, HH monitoring	Room level
GE Healthcare-Encompass [44]	BLE	Asset management	Room level