Abstract
The specific associations between antidepressant treatment and alterations in the levels of cytokines remain to be elucidated. In this study, we aimed to explore the role of IL-2, IL-4, IL-12, TNF-
The specific associations between antidepressant treatment and alterations in the levels of cytokines remain to be elucidated. In this study, we aimed to explore the role of IL-2, IL-4, IL-12, TNF-
T. J. Connor and B. E. Leonard, “Depression, stress and immunological activation: the role of cytokines in depressive disorders,” Life Sciences, vol. 62, no. 7, pp. 583–606, 1998.
View at: Publisher Site | Google ScholarR. Dantzer, E. Wollman, L. Vitkovic, and R. Yirmiya, “Cytokines and depression: fortuitous or causative association?” Molecular Psychiatry, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 328–332, 1999.
View at: Publisher Site | Google ScholarY.-K. Kim, I.-B. Suh, H. Kim et al., “The plasma levels of interleukin-12 in schizophrenia, major depression, and bipolar mania: effects of psychotropic drugs,” Molecular Psychiatry, vol. 7, no. 10, pp. 1107–1114, 2002.
View at: Publisher Site | Google ScholarJ. Licinio and M.-L. Wong, “The role of inflammatory mediators in the biology of major depression: central nervous system cytokines modulate the biological substrate of depressive symptoms, regulate stress-responsive systems, and contribute to neurotoxicity and neuroprotection,” Molecular Psychiatry, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 317–327, 1999.
View at: Publisher Site | Google ScholarF. Kaestner, M. Hettich, M. Peters et al., “Different activation patterns of proinflammatory cytokines in melancholic and non-melancholic major depression are associated with HPA axis activity,” Journal of Affective Disorders, vol. 87, no. 2–3, pp. 305–311, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google ScholarM. Maes, W. Stevens, L. DeClerk et al., “Immune disorders in depression: higher T helper/T suppressor-cytotoxic cell ratio,” Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, vol. 86, no. 6, pp. 423–431, 1992.
View at: Publisher Site | Google ScholarM. Maes, E. Bosmans, H. Y. Meltzer, S. Scharpe, and E. Suy, “Interleukin-1: a putative mediator of HPA axis hyperactivity in major depression?” American Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 150, no. 8, pp. 1189–1193, 1993.
View at: Google ScholarM. Maes, W. J. Stevens, L. S. DeClerck et al., “Significantly increased expression of T-cell activation markers (interleukin-2 and HLA-DR) in depression: further evidence for an inflammatory process during that illness,” Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 241–255, 1993.
View at: Publisher Site | Google ScholarM. Maes, “Cytokines in major depression,” Biological Psychiatry, vol. 36, no. 7, pp. 498–499, 1994.
View at: Publisher Site | Google ScholarM. Maes, H. Y. Meltzer, E. Bosmans et al., “Increased plasma concentrations of interleukin-6, soluble interleukin-6, soluble interleukin-2 and transferrin receptor in major depression,” Journal of Affective Disorders, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 301–309, 1995.
View at: Publisher Site | Google ScholarA. Seidel, V. Arolt, M. Hunstiger, L. Rink, A. Behnisch, and H. Kirchner, “Increased natural killer cells and related cytokines in major depression,” Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology, vol. 78, no. 1, pp. 83–85, 1996.
View at: Publisher Site | Google ScholarF. Brambilla and M. Maggioni, “Blood levels of cytokines in elderly patients with major depressive disorder,” Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, vol. 97, no. 4, pp. 309–313, 1998.
View at: Publisher Site | Google ScholarF. Brambilla, P. Monteleone, and M. Maj, “Interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor- in children with major depressive disorder or dysthymia,” Journal of Affective Disorders, vol. 78, no. 3, pp. 273–277, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google ScholarL. L. Carpenter, G. R. Heninger, R. T. Malison, A. R. Tyrka, and L. H. Price, “Cerebrospinal fluid interleukin (IL)-6 in unipolar major depression,” Journal of Affective Disorders, vol. 79, no. 1–3, pp. 285–289, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google ScholarM. Rothermundt, V. Arolt, J. Fenker, H. Gutbrodt, M. Peters, and H. Kirchner, “Different immune patterns in melancholic and non-melancholic major depression,” European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, vol. 251, no. 2, pp. 90–97, 2001.
View at: Publisher Site | Google ScholarM. Maes, “Evidence for an immune response in major depression: a review and hypothesis,” Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 11–38, 1995.
View at: Publisher Site | Google ScholarP. J. Neveu and N. Castanon, “Is there evidence for an effect of antidepressant drugs on immune function?” Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol. 461, pp. 267–281, 1999.
View at: Google ScholarS. Lanquillon, J.-C. Krieg, U. bening-Abu-Shach, and H. Vedder, “Cytokine production and treatment response in major depressive disorder,” Neuropsychopharmacology, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 370–379, 2000.
View at: Publisher Site | Google ScholarB. E. Leonard, “The immune system, depression and the action of antidepressants,” Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 767–780, 2001.
View at: Publisher Site | Google ScholarM. Kubera, A.-H. Lin, G. Kenis et al., “Anti-inflammatory effects of antidepressants through suppression of the interferon-/interleukin-10 production ratio,” Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 199–206, 2001.
View at: Publisher Site | Google ScholarM. Maes, “The immunoregulatory effects of antidepressants,” Human Psychopharmacology, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 95–103, 2001.
View at: Publisher Site | Google ScholarR. Weizman, N. Laor, E. Podliszewski et al., “Cytokine production in major depressed patients before and after clomipramine treatment,” Biological Psychiatry, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 42–47, 1994.
View at: Publisher Site | Google ScholarA. Seidel, V. Arolt, M. Hunstiger, L. Rink, A. Behnisch, and H. Kirchner, “Cytokine production and serum proteins in depression,” Scandinavian Journal of Immunology, vol. 41, no. 6, pp. 534–538, 1995.
View at: Publisher Site | Google ScholarJ. Schlatter, F. Ortuño, and S. Cervera-Enguix, “Lymphocyte subsets and lymphokine production in patients with melancholic versus nonmelancholic depression,” Psychiatry Research, vol. 128, no. 3, pp. 259–265, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google ScholarM. Kubera and M. Maes, “Serotonin-immune interactions in major depression,” in Neuro-Immune Interactions in Neurologic and Psychiatric Disorders, P. Patterson, C. Kordon, and Y. Christen, Eds., pp. 79–87, Springer, Berlin, Germany, 2000.
View at: Google ScholarL. Pavón, G. Sandoval-López, M. Eugenia Hernández et al., “Th2 cytokine response in Major Depressive Disorder patients before treatment,” Journal of Neuroimmunology, vol. 172, no. 1–2, pp. 156–165, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google ScholarS. Kanba, H. Manki, F. Shintani, Y. Ohno, G. Yagi, and M. Asai, “Aberrant interleukin-2, receptor-mediated blastoformation of peripheral blood lymphocytes in a severe major depressive episode,” Psychological Medicine, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 481–484, 1998.
View at: Publisher Site | Google ScholarA. Myint, B. Leonard, H. Steinbusch, and Y. Kim, “Th1, Th2, and Th3 cytokine alterations in major depression,” Journal of Affective Disorders, vol. 88, no. 2, pp. 167–173, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google ScholarB. H. Natelson, T. Denny, X.-D. Zhou et al., “Is depression associated with immune activation?” Journal of Affective Disorders, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 179–184, 1999.
View at: Publisher Site | Google ScholarK.-M. Lee and Y.-K. Kim, “The role of IL-12 and TGF-1 in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder,” International Immunopharmacology, vol. 6, no. 8, pp. 1298–1304, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google ScholarO. Mikova, R. Yakimova, E. Bosmans, G. Kenis, and M. Maes, “Increased serum tumor necrosis factor concentrations in major depression and multiple sclerosis,” European Neuropsychopharmacology, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 203–208, 2001.
View at: Publisher Site | Google ScholarC. Tuglu, S. H. Kara, O. Caliyurt, E. Vardar, and E. Abay, “Increased serum tumor necrosis factor- levels and treatment response in major depressive disorder,” Psychopharmacology, vol. 170, no. 4, pp. 429–433, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google ScholarM. Haack, D. hinze-Selch, T. Fenzel et al., “Plasma levels of cytokines and soluble cytokine receptors in psychiatric patients upon hospital admission: effects of confounding factors and diagnosis,” Journal of Psychiatric Research, vol. 33, no. 5, pp. 407–418, 1999.
View at: Publisher Site | Google ScholarS. Rajagopalan, R. Brook, M. Rubenfire et al., “Abnormal brachial artery flow-mediated vasodilation in young adults with major depression,” American Journal of Cardiology, vol. 88, no. 2, pp. 196–198, 2001.
View at: Publisher Site | Google ScholarS. J. Motivala, A. Sarfatti, L. Olmos, and M. R. Irwin, “Inflammatory markers and sleep disturbance in major depression,” Psychosomatic Medicine, vol. 67, no. 2, pp. 187–194, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar