Lung Cancer: A Classic Example of Tumor Escape and Progression While Providing Opportunities for Immunological Intervention

Table 2

Types of immunotherapy for lung cancer.

(1) Active vaccination: subunit vaccines from tumor lysates
(2) Passive antibody administration
(a) Direct tumor binding: various tumor antigens
(b) Indirect approaches: anti-VEGF, anti-CTLA-4 anti-PD-1/PD-L1, and anti-Treg
(3) Passive cell-mediated administration
(a) LAK cells
(b) TIL/draining lymph nodes T cells
(c) γδ T cells
(4) Gene therapy
(a) IL-4
(b) GM-CSF
(c) MHC and/or costimulator molecules
(d) TGF-β knockdown
(5) Dendritic cell vaccination
(a) Peptides
(b) Tumor lysates