Immunotherapy Using Dendritic Cells against Multiple Myeloma: How to Improve?

Table 1

Summary of clinical trials of DC-based vaccine for MM.

Author	DC type	TA	Adjuvant	Immune responses	Clinical responses
Liso et al.	imDC	Id	±KLH	4/24 Id-specific	17/26 SD
Lim et al.	imMo-DC	Id	KLH	5/6 Id-specific; 2/6 Id-specific IFN-γ; 3/6 increase in Id-specific CTL frequency	6/6 PD
Reichardt et al.	imDC	Id	none	2/12 Id-specific proliferation; 1/3 Id-specific CTL	2 relapse; 8/10 PD; 2/10 SD
Titzer et al.	CD34-DC	Id	none	4/10 Id-specific T cell proliferation; 1/10 decreased BM plasmacytosis	1/10 SD; 9/10 PD
Cull et al.	imMo-DC	Id	none	2/2 Id-specific T cell proliferation; no Id-specific CTL response	2/2 PD
Yi et al.	mMo-DC	Id	Il-2	2/5 Id-specific T cell proliferation; 5/5 Id-specific B cell proliferation; 4/5 Id-specific IFN-γ	1/3 PR; 3/5 SD; 1/5 PD
Bendandi et al.	mMo-DC	Id	none	4/4 anti-KLH response; 2/4 Th1 cytokines response	1/4 SD; 3/4 PD
Lacy et al.	APC8020 (Mylovenge)	Id	none	None reported	6/26 CR; 2/26 PR; 19/27 SD overall survival: 5.3 years of followup for alive patients
Lacy et al.	CD40 L-DCs	Id	KLH	9/9 Id-specific IFN-γ; 5/9 Id-specific CTL response; 8/9 anti-KLH response	6/9 SD; 3/9 slowly PD 4/6 continue SD after 5 years
Rosenblatt et al.	DC/tumor fusion		GM-CSF	11/15 CD4 and CD8 response with autologous myeloma cells; 5/5 tested anti-MUC1 response	11/16 SD (3/11 > 1 years SD; 8/11 2.5–5 months SD)
Rollig et al.	mMo-DC	Id	KLH	5/9 Id-specific T cell proliferation; 8/9 Id-specific cytokines response	3/9 M protein decrease; 5/9 M protein stable

DC: dendritic cell; TA: tumor antigen; imDC: immature DC; Mo-DC: monocyte-derived DC; Id: idiotype; mMo-DC: mature Mo-DC; KLH: keyhole limpet hemocyanin; CTL: cytotoxic T lymphocyte; PD: progressive disease; PR: partial response; SD: stable disease; CR: complete response.