|
| Strategy | Mechanisms | Regulated factors |
|
| Tumoral protective action | Upregulation of growth and survival receptors expression [6] | IL-7R, IL-9R, IL-13R, TACI, and CCR5 tumoral cells |
| Downregulation of transcription factors [71] | IL-6R, TACI, RANK, TNFR-1, Cys-LT receptors, and NOTCH-1 |
| Upregulation of Th2 cells attractant chemokines [28] | TARC, MDC |
| Upregulation of apoptosis/proliferation modulators [20, 28, 72–74] | Fas, FasL, IL-1β, TGF-β, TNFR, IL-13, IL-3 |
| Upregulation of immunoregulatory protein and regulatory T cells [27, 33] | Gal-1, PD1 |
| Downregulation of adhesion factors [79] | HGF, c-MET |
| Downregulation of cytotoxic cells activity [75, 77, 126–135] | MHC I, PI9, IL-10, TGF-β, LAG-3, CTLA-4 |
| Upregulation of inhibitory T cells activator [31] | PGE2 |
| Selection of minor side population [87, 88, 91] | MDR1, ABCG2, gemcitabine resistance factor |
|
| Reprogramming of tumoral cells | Mutations/downregulation of MHC class II [92] | CIITA |
| Upregulation of death receptors ligands [33] | PDL1 |
| Upregulation of immunosuppressive factors [32, 93] | TGF-β, PD-1 |
|
| Tolerance induction by TAM | Macrophage deviation to Th2 differentiation (TAM) [110, 112, 113] | IL-6, TNF, IL-1β, IL-23 |
| Upregulation of inflammatory and matrix-remodeling genes [125] | C1Qalpha, C1Qbeta, and CXCL9 |
|
| Tolerance induction by Tregs | Conversion of naïve regulatory T cells to CD4+ CD25+ [101, 102] | Foxp3 |
| Dowregulation of CTL activity [104, 105] | IL-2Rα (CD25), Il-10, TNF-β |
|
