Immune-Regulatory Mechanisms in Systemic Autoimmune and Rheumatic Diseases

Table 1

Potential treatment options for SAIRDs therapy.

	Immunogenicity	Immunoregultion and tolerance
Cytokine and receptor	TNF, TNFR
	IL-1	IL-10?
	IL-2	IL-27
	IL-6, IL-6R	IL-35
	IL-12
	IL-15
	IL-17
	IL-18
	IL-21
	IL-23
	Type I IFN	TGF-β
	IFN-γ
	BAFF
	CD20
	CD22
	TCR (vaccination)	CTLA4-Ig
	Intracellular signaling pathway	JAK-1
		JAK-2
		JAK-3
SyK
Stem cells and immune regulation		Autologous stem cell transplantation
	Gene therapy		TNFR: Fc
Immune regulation-induced antigen		HSPs?
DC therapy		Tolerogenic DC
		(DC vaccination)

TNF: tumor necrosis factor, TNFR: tumor necrosis factor receptor, IL: interleukine, R: receptor, IFN: interferon, TGF: transforming growth factor, BAFF: B-cell activating factor, CTLA: cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen, TCR: T cell receptor, JAK: Janus kinase, SyK: spleen tyrosine kinase, TNFR: Fc: soluble form of the tumor necrosis factor receptor, HSPs: heat shock proteins, and DC: dendritic cell.