Seizures in Primary Antiphospholipid Syndrome: The Relevance of Smoking to Stroke
Table 2
Comparisons of demographic, clinical, and laboratory features, vascular risk factors, and medications between the 9 PAPS patients with seizures and PAPS patients without seizures ().
PAPS with seizures
PAPS without seizures
values
Age, years
0.261
White race, (%)
7 (77.8)
65 (82.3)
0.665
Female gender, (%)
7 (77.8)
65 (82.3)
0.665
Body mass index, kg/m2
0.933
Arterial events, (%)
6 (66.7)
38 (48.1)
0.484
Venous events, (%)
4 (44.4)
49 (62.0)
0.474
Obstetric events, (%)
3 (33.3)
31 (39.2)
1.000
Thrombocytopenia, (%)
2 (22.2)
19 (24.1)
1.000
Livedo reticularis, (%)
6 (66.7)
24 (30.4)
0.057
Stroke, (%)
6 (66.7)
24 (30.4)
0.057
Sneddonβs syndrome, (%)
4 (44.4)
12 (15.2)
0.053
Pulmonary thromboembolism, (%)
1 (11.1)
19 (24.1)
0.678
Deep venous thrombosis, (%)
4 (44.4)
40 (50.6)
0.680
Angina, (%)
1 (11.1)
7 (8.9)
1.000
Acute myocardial infarction, (%)
0
1 (1.2)
1.000
Sedentarism, (%)
6 (66.7)
50 (63.3)
1.000
Disease duration, months
0.398
Metabolic syndrome, (%)
0
17 (21.5)
0.270
Diabetes, (%)
0
6 (7.6)
0.874
Systemic hypertension, (%)
4 (44.4)
37 (46.8)
0.892
Previous history of smoking, (%)
5 (55.5)
28 (35.4)
<0.001
Current smoking, (%)
4 (44.4)
8 (10.1)
0.019
Alcoholism, (%)
1 (11.1)
0
0.102
Heparin use, (%)
6 (66.7)
40 (50.6)
0.575
Current chloroquine use, (%)
2 (22.2)
37 (46.8)
0.153
Statin use, (%)
4 (44.4)
20 (25.3)
0.680
IgG anticardiolipin levels, GPL
0.357
IgG anticardiolipin, (%)
7 (77.8)
44 (55.7)
0.293
IgM anticardiolipin levels, MPL
0.373
IgM anticardiolipin, (%)
5 (55.6)
40 (50.6)
1.000
Lupus anticoagulant, (%)
6 (66.7)
60 (75.9)
0.839
IgG anti-beta2-glycoprotein I, U/mL
0.809
IgG anti-beta2-glycoprotein I, (%)
2 (22.2)
13 (20.9)
0.669
IgM anti-beta2-glycoprotein I, U/mL
0.862
IgM anti-beta2-glycoprotein I, (%)
1 (11.1)
7 (8.9)
1.000
Data expressed as mean Β± standard deviation or percentage; PAPS: primary antiphospholipid syndrome; = number of patients; SD = standard deviation.
