Seizures in Primary Antiphospholipid Syndrome: The Relevance of Smoking to Stroke

Table 3

Comparisons of demographic, clinical, and laboratory features, vascular risk factors, and medications between the 7 PAPS patients with seizures after APS diagnosis and those without seizures (𝑛=79).

	PAPS with epileptic seizures after APS onset 𝑛=7	PAPS without epileptic seizures 𝑛=79	𝑃 value
Age, years	42±10.3	40.1±11.2	0.670
White race, 𝑛 (%)	5 (71.4)	65 (82.3)	0.610
Female gender, 𝑛 (%)	5 (71.4)	65	0.610
Body mass index, kg/m^2	27.5±2.9	28.0±7.5	0.866
Arterial events, 𝑛 (%)	5 (71.4)	38 (48.1)	0.433
Venous events, 𝑛 (%)	2 (28.6)	49 (62.0)	0.115
Obstetric events, 𝑛 (%)	2 (28.6)	31 (39.2)	0.703
Thrombocytopenia, 𝑛 (%)	2 (28.6)	19 (24.1)	1.000
Livedo reticularis, 𝑛 (%)	4 (57.1)	24 (30.4)	0.208
Stroke, 𝑛 (%)	5 (71.4)	24 (30.4)	0.041
Sneddon’s syndrome, 𝑛 (%)	3 (42.9)	12 (15.2)	0.098
Pulmonary thromboembolism, 𝑛 (%)	1 (14.3)	19 (24.1)	0.678
Deep venous thrombosis, 𝑛 (%)	2 (28.6)	40 (50.6)	0.434
Angina, 𝑛 (%)	0	7 (8.9)	1.000
Acute myocardial infarction, 𝑛 (%)	0	1 (1.3)	1.000
Sedentarism, 𝑛 (%)	5 (71.4)	50 (63.3)	1.000
Disease duration, months	92.6±101.9	94.6±64.3	0.470
Metabolic syndrome, 𝑛 (%)	0	17 (21.5)	0.336
Diabetes, 𝑛 (%)	0	6 (7.6)	1.000
Systemic hypertension, 𝑛 (%)	3 (42.9)	37 (46.8)	1.000
Previous history of smoking, 𝑛 (%)	5 (71.4)	28 (35.4)	0.101
Current smoking, 𝑛 (%)	3 (42.9)	8 (10.1)	0.042
Alcoholism, 𝑛 (%)	1 (14.3)	0	1.000
Heparin use, 𝑛 (%)	4 (57.1)	37 (46.8)	1.000
Current chloroquine use, 𝑛 (%)	2 (28.6)	37 (46.8)	0.448
Statin use, 𝑛 (%)	0	20 (25.3)	0.193
IgG anticardiolipin levels, GPL	57.4±50.4	40.0±46.3	0.347
IgG anticardiolipin, 𝑛 (%)	5 (71.4)	44 (55.7)	1.000
IgM anticardiolipin levels, MPL	19.9±21.6	29.9±40.2	0.518
IgM anticardiolipin, 𝑛 (%)	4 (57.1)	40 (50.6)	1.000
Lupus anticoagulant, 𝑛 (%)	5 (71.4)	60 (75.9)	1.000

Data expressed as mean ± standard deviation or percentage; PAPS: primary antiphospholipid syndrome; 𝑛 = number of patients; SD = standard deviation.