Evidence of Stage- and Age-Related Heterogeneity of Non-HLA SNPs and Risk of Islet Autoimmunity and Type 1 Diabetes: The Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young

Table 1

Demographic characteristics of DAISY non-Hispanic white population.

Characteristic	Development of islet autoimmunity (IA) (𝑛=1619)				Progression from IA to type 1 diabetes (T1D) (𝑛=132)
	Children positive for IA (𝑛=117)	Children negative for IA (𝑛=1502)	Univariate HR and 95% CI	𝑃 value	IA positive children who progressed to T1D (𝑛=50)	IA positive children who have not progressed to T1D (𝑛=82)	Univariate HR and 95% CI	𝑃 value
Mean age (years)	6.2±4.2^a	9.9±5.7^b	N/A	N/A	8.7±3.9^c	14.1±4.2^b	N/A	N/A
Mean age at first IA positive visit (years)	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	3.9±2.9	7.2±4.2	0.86 (0.77, 0.95)	0.003
HLA-DR3/4,; DQB1*0302	43 (36.8%)	248 (16.5%)	2.97 (2.01, 4.39)	<0.0001	28 (56.0%)	19 (23.2%)	2.79 (1.65, 4.72)	0.0001
First degree relative with T1D	75 (64.1%)	737 (49.1%)	1.41 (0.96, 2.07)	0.08	36 (72.0%)	54 (65.9%)	1.02 (0.56, 1.85)	0.96
Sex (female)	62 (53.0%)	712 (47.4%)	1.22 (0.85, 1.74)	0.28	24 (48.0%)	44 (53.7%)	1.03 (0.59, 1.83)	0.91

CI: confidence interval; DAISY: Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young; HLA: human leukocyte antigen; HR: hazard ratio; IA: islet autoimmunity; T1D: type 1 diabetes.
^aAge at first IA positive visit.
^bAge at last followup.
^cAge at T1D diagnosis.