The Role of Cytokines in the Functional Activity of Phagocytes in Blood and Colostrum of Diabetic Mothers

Table 2

Superoxide release by colostrum and mononuclear phagocytes of blood (mean ± SD, 𝑁=10 in each treatment).

Phagocytes	Incubated with	Superoxide release (nmol)
		Normoglycemic	Diabetic
Colostrum	PBS	1.7±0.4	2.0±0.5
	Bacteria	4.4±0.8^∗	4.1±0.6^∗
	Bacteria plus IFN-γ	4.6±0.5^∗	3.5±0.4^∗+
	Bacteria plus TGF-β	4.1±0.5^∗	3.6±0.1^∗+
Maternal blood	PBS	1.8±0.2	1.7±0.2
	Bacteria	3.5±0.8^∗	3.8±0.4^∗
	Bacteria plus IFN-γ	4.1±0.8^∗	3.7±0.4^∗
	Bacteria plus TGF-β	4.3±0.5^∗	4.5±0.1^∗#
Cord blood	PBS	3.2±0.5^#	4.9±1.1^+#
	Bacteria	4.8±0.8^∗	4.6±1.0
	Bacteria plus IFN-γ	5.4±0.7^∗	5.1±0.5^#
	Bacteria plus TGF-β	4.6±0.3^∗	5.6±0.1^#+

Colostrum and blood mononuclear cells were treated or not with cytokines, in the presence or absence of EPEC. *Indicates differences between phagocytes treated or not with cytokines and incubated with bacteria and the control (without bacteria) within each group and sample (colostrum, maternal blood, or cord blood); ^#indicates differences between sample (colostrum, maternal blood, and cord blood) within each treatment (cytokines or PBS) and group; and ⁺indicates intergroup differences within each treatment (cytokines or PBS) and sample (colostrum, maternal blood, or cord blood).