Interactions between Cytokines, Congenital Anomalies of Kidney and Urinary Tract and Chronic Kidney Disease

Table 1

Studies on urinary cytokines in patients with UPJO.

Author	Year	Ref.	Age of patients	Cytokine	Study/control group (𝑁)	Sensitivity	Specificity	Conclusions
Palmer et al.	1997	[75]	4.6 years (1 month to 11 years)	TGF-𝛽1	13/VUR (11) and healthy children (19)	—	—	Pelvic urinary TGF-β 1 levels are elevated compared to the control group
Furness et al.	1999	[76]	Median: 2.1 years	TGF-𝛽1	30/healthy children (19)	92%	—	Bladder urinary TGF-β 1 levels are significantly elevated
Grandaliano et al.	2000	[70]	1 months to 13 years	MCP-1; EGF	24/healthy children (15)	—	—	Bladder urinary EGF levels are reduced in UPJO, while MCP-1 levels are elevated
El-Sherbiny et al.	2002	[78]	5.2 ± 4.7 years	TGF-𝛽1	15/dilated non obstructed kidneys (11)	80%	82%	Elevated bladder urinary TGF-β 1 levels in obstructed kidneys decreased after surgery
Taha et al.	2007	[79]	Median: 5.9 years	TGF-𝛽1; EGF	35/healthy children (30)	100% (TGF-β 1)	80% (TGF-β 1)	Bladder urinary TGF-β 1 levels are significantly elevated, while no significant differences are detected in EGF levels
Almodhen et al.	2009	[26]	14 ± 6 months	TGF-𝛽1	42/—	82%	86%	Bladder urinary TGF-β 1 levels can predict the need for surgery
Sager et al.	2009	[77]	6.7 years ± 5.6	TGF-𝛽1	19/no renal pathology (19)	—	—	Bladder urinary TGF-β 1 levels in obstructed patients were higher than in controls, and renal pelvic urinary levels of TGF-β 1 in the hydronephrotic kidney were higher than preoperative bladder urine sample Postoperative TGF-β 1 concentration was significantly lower than preoperative
Bartoli et al.	2011	[72]	Functional UPJO: 55 (34) months; obstructive UPJO: 34 (28) months; underwent pyeloplasty group 80 (52) months; control 31 (23) months	MCP-1; EGF	76/30 healthy	—	—	Obstructive UPJO patients showed increased urinary levels of MCP-1 and decreased urine concentration of EGF. The urine EGF/urine MCP-1 and urine EGF/urine β2M ratios were significantly downregulated in untreated UPJO groups compared with control group, as well in the comparison between obstructive versus functional UPJO
Madsen, Madsen et al.	20132012	[65, 73]	8.1 (3.5–15) years at time of surgery	EGF, IP-10, MCP-1, MIP-1α, RANTES	28/13 healthy children	—	—	EGF and MCP-1 were significantly increased in preoperative UPJO samples. Concentration of MCP-1, MIP-1α, IP-10, and RANTES were increased in obstructed kidney and decreased one year after surgery
Taranta-Janusz et al.	2012	[74]	1.03 (0.08–14) years—surgical cases; 8 (0.75–17) years—conservative cases; 3 (0.33–16) years—control group	MCP-1, OPN, RANTES	15 surgical cases/21 conservative cases/19 control group			Only urinary MCP-1 has good diagnostic accuracy in identifying children with abnormal differential renal function (AUC 0.862) and in detecting kidney injury (AUC 0.704). MCP-1 levels from voided urine before and after surgery and from the affected pelvis were significantly higher than nonoperated patients and controls. Urinary levels of OPN were significantly higher in surgical cases than in nonoperated patients. Urinary RANTES was significantly higher in samples from affected pelvis during surgery than in voided urine before pyeloplasty. Three months after surgery, no significant changes were detected

Ref.: reference number.