Interactions between Cytokines, Congenital Anomalies of Kidney and Urinary Tract and Chronic Kidney Disease

Table 2

Studies on urinary cytokines in patients with vesicoureteral reflux (VUR).

Author	Year	Ref.	Age of patients	Cytokine	Study/control group (𝑁)	Sensitivity	Specificity	Conclusions
Haraoka et al.	1996	[84]	Mean age 6.7 years	IL-8	32/—	—	—	Levels of IL-8 are elevated in patients with VUR or renal scarring
Ninan et al.	1999	[85]	5 months to 13.33 years	IL-6; TNF-α	17/healthy children (15)	—	—	Levels of IL-6 and TNF-α receptor-1 are elevated in reflux associated with renal damage
Wang et al.	2001	[86]	Mean age 14.6 years	IL-6	66/healthy children (28)			Levels of IL-6 are elevated in severe bilateral renal scarring
Galanakis et al.	2006	[87]	1 month to 2 years	IL-8	24/ITU+/VUR− (14); ITU−/VUR− (21)	88%	69%	Levels of IL-8 are elevated in VUR patients
Sabasiñska et al.	2008	[88]	6.23 ± 4.15 years	TGF-β 1	54/healthy children (27)	—	—	Highest urinary concentrations of TGF-β 1 are detected in grades IV and V reflux
Gokce et al.	2010	[89]	1 month 16 years	IL-6; IL-8	87/healthy children (27)	—	—	IL-6 levels are elevated in VUR and IL-8 levels in renal scarring
Merrikhi et al.	2012	[90]	ITU+/RVU+: 4.3 ± 2.9; ITU+/RVU−: 4 ± 2.6; control group: 4 ± 2.1	IL-8	28 (ITU+/VUR+); 28 (ITU+/VUR−); 28 healthy	71.4% (cutoff point: 3 pg/µmoL)	58.9% (cutoff point: 3 pg/µmoL)	IL-8 levels were significantly higher in patients with RVU. At the cutoff point of 3 pg/µmoL, IL-8 was accurate in detecting VUR
Tramma et al.	2012	[91]	71 ± 42.5 months	IL-6; IL-8	50/history of pyelonephritis (23 RS+/VUR+; 10 RS+/VUR−; 13 RS−/VUR−; 4RS−/VUR+)	—	—	Urinary levels of IL-8 were undetectable in all samples. There were no differences between urinary IL-6 levels in children with or without VUR. The levels of IL-6 were directly correlated with the grade of renal scars

Ref.: reference number.