Sleep Loss as a Factor to Induce Cellular and Molecular Inflammatory Variations

Table 3

Sleep loss effects on immune molecular inflammatory mediators.

Sleep loss condition	Subject’s characteristics	Cytokines; (pg/mL)	C-reactive protein	Reference
Total sleep deprivation 1 night		IL-6 ↑ SL		[34]; Germany
	16 controls	Control
	11 females, 5 males	Basal 1.50±1.10	ND
	BMI 20.7–24.1 kg/m^2	TSD 2.56±1.63*	ND
		Recovery 2.82±1.94*	ND
	15 unmedicated	Depressed
	depressed patients	Basal 1.14±0.69	ND
	10 females, 5 males	TSD 2.38±1.87*	ND
	BMI 18.8–26.4 kg/m^2
Total sleep deprivation 1 night		IL-6 ? SL		[87]; Italy
	9 females, 1 male	Basal ND	ND
	Bipolar disorder	TSD 3.15±5.14	ND
	36–53 years
Total sleep deprivation 40 hours		IL-1β ↑ PL	CRP ↑ PL mg/L	[40]; USA
	9 females, 10 males	Basal ~0.20	Basal ~0.20
	20–36 years	TSD ~0.45*	TSD ~0.50*
	BMI 18.5–24.5 kg/m^2	IL-6 ↑ PL
		Basal ~1.6
		TSD ~1.9*
Total sleep deprivation 40 hours	12 healthy males; 29.1 ± 3.3 years; BMI 23.4 ± 1.5 kg/m^2	IL-6 =; Basal 0.60±0.13; TSD 0.62±0.10; Recovery 1.20±0.23*; TNF-α =; Basal 0.88±0.32TSD 1.05±0.30	CRP = µg/mL; Basal 1.22±0.46; TSD 0.55±0.13; Recovery 0.61±0.14	[88]; France
Total sleep deprivation 40 hours		IL-6 = PL		[39]; France
	12 healthy males; 26–32 years	Basal ~3.5; TSD ~3.6	ND; ND
	BMI 21.9–24.9 kg/m^2	TNF-α ↑ PL
		Basal 0.66±0.19
		TSD 1.29±0.33*
Total sleep deprivation 88 hours			CRP ↑ PL mg/L	[89]; USA
	10 healthy males		Basal 0.39 ± 0.13
	22–37 years		Day 1: 0.48 ± 0.16*
		ND	Day 2: 0.50 ± 0.20*
			Day 3: 0.65 ± 0.23*
			Recovery 0.66 ± 0.24*
Sleep; restriction 5 hours time in bed (1 night)		IL-6 ↑ PL		[90]; Tunisia
	20 males	Basal 1.89±0.06	ND
	20–22 years; 71–75 kg	SR 3.9±0.70*	ND
Sleep; restriction 4.2 hours time in bed (2 nights)		IL-6 = PL		[84]; Germany
	15 males	Basal 2.0±0.0	ND
	20–40 years; BMI 20.5–24.9 kg/m^2	SR 2.2±0.02	ND
Sleep		IL-6 ↑ PL		[91]; USA
restriction	25 control males	Basal ~2.9	ND
4 hours time in		SR ~2.8	ND
bed (4 days)	25 alcoholic males	SR + Alc ~4.1	ND
		TNF-α ↑ PL
		Basal ~1.2
		SR ~1.0
		SR + Alc ~3.0
Sleep restriction; 1 hour time in bed (7 nights)		IL-1β↑ PL	CRP↑ PL mg/L	[92]; Norway
	8 males	Basal 8.9±2.8	Basal 1.38 ± 0.89
	25.8 ± 0.9 years; BMI 80 ± 3.7 kg/m^2 Demanding physical challenges and SR	SR day 7: 45.2±6.3*	SR Day 7: 11.38 ± 3.05*
Sleep		ND	CRP ↑ PL mg/L	[89]; USA
restriction	4 females, 6 males		Basal 0.51±0.20
4.2 hours time	26–38 years		SR 2.65±1.31*
in bed (10 nights)	BMI 21–31 kg/m^2
Sleep		IL-6↑ PL	CRP = SL mg/L	[85]; USA
restriction	6 females, 12 males	Basal 1.88±0.85	Basal 0.34±0.27
4 hours time in	21–40 years	SR D10: 3.04±2.83*	SR Day 10: 0.69±0.76
bed (10 nights)	BMI 20–26 kg/m^2	Recovery 2.36±1.36*
Sleep		IL-6 ↑ SL	CRP ↑ SL mg/L	[93]; Iceland
fragmentation	22 females, 136 males
OSA patients	BMI < 30 kg/m^2	1.3±0.1	1.8 ± 0.2
	28 females, 136 males
	BMI 30.1–34.9 kg/m^2	1.6±0.2 **	4.1 ± 0.5**
	25 females, 107 males
	BMI > 35 kg/m^2	2.2±0.2 **	2.6 ± 0.3**
Sleep		TNF-α ↑ PL		[94]; Spain
fragmentation	148 children	AHI ≤ 1: 3.30±0.4
OSA patients	6–12 years	AHI ≥ 10: 10.02±1.36*	ND
Sleep fragmentation veterans		IL-1β = PL		[95]; USA
	Good sleep 7 males	Good sleep ~1.7	ND
	Poor sleep 58 males	Poor sleep ~3.2	ND
		IL-6 = PL
		Good sleep ~37.6
		Poor sleep ~34.2
		TNF-α = PL
		Good sleep ~0.8
		Poor sleep ~1.2
	Sleep fragmentation OSA patients	Sleep durations; <6 hours, 249 males; 6-7 hours, 227 males; >7 hours, 135 males	IL-6 = PL; <6 hours: 2.08–2.54; 6-7 hours: 1.96–2.39; >7 hours: 2.00–2.59; TNF-α = PL; <6 hours: 2.86–3.73; 6-7 hours: 2.52–3.28; >7 hours: 2.19–3.10	CRP ↑ SL mg/L; <6 hours: 1.79–2.47; 6-7 hours: 1.71–2.35; >7 hours: 1.71–2.56	[96]; USA

Abbreviations: AHI: apnea-hypopnea index (expressed as the number of events per hour of total sleep time); BMI: body mass index; ND: nondetermined; OSA: obstructive sleep apnea; PL: plasma levels; SL: serum levels; SR: sleep restriction; TSD: total sleep deprivation; ~: approximate values obtained from report tables; ↑: increase; =: not change; ↓: decrease; ?: without basal data; *significant differences with 𝑃<0.05; **significant differences with 𝑃<0.01. Mean ± standard deviation.