The Spectrum of Anti-Chromatin/Nucleosome Autoantibodies: Independent and Interdependent Biomarkers of Disease

Table 2

High mobility group proteins (HMG): classification, nomenclature, and autoimmunity.

HMG family; members	Functional domain	Autoantibodies	Other immune reactions
HMGA; HMGA1; HMGA2	AT hook; Modulate transcription by altering; chromatin architecture
HMGB; HMGB1/HMG1*; HMGB2/HMG2*; HMGB3; HMGB4	HMG box domain; Bind minor groove of DNA in a; nonsequence-dependent fashion	AIH, SLE, SSc, DIA, JIA, UC, septic shock, liver transplant patients	HMGB1: Proinflammatory mediator. Perhaps anti-HMGB1 autoantibodies ameliorate proinflammatory effects and are protective
HMGN; HMGN1/HMG14*; HMGN2/HMG17*	HMG nucleosomal binding domain; Function in transcription,; replication, DNA repair, alter the; interaction of histone H1 with; nucleosomes to maintain a; decondensed chromatin structure	DIA/DIL, SSc, PPH, SLE,; MCTD
SOX; SDRY; SOXB1; SOXB2; SOX-C, -D, -E, -F; SOX13	Transcription Factors; HMG box with high sequence; similarity to SDRY	PBC, AIH, type I diabetes
TCF; LEBF1; TCTF1; TF7L1P; TF7L2P	Transcription factors	None published	Role in control of T cell transcription

∗Older nomenclature HMG1, HMG2, HMG14, HMG17.
AIH: autoimmune hepatitis; DIA: drug-induced autoimmunity, DIL: drug-induced lupus; JIA: juvenile idiopathic arthritis; LEBF: lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1, MCTD: mixed connective tissue disease; PBC: primary biliary cirrhosis; PPH: primary pulmonary hypertension; SARD: systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases; SDRY: sex determining region Y; SLE: systemic lupus erythematosus; SOX: Sry-related HMG box; SSc: systemic sclerosis; TCF: transcription factor; TCTF: T cell transcription factor; TF7LP: Transcription factor 7-like Protein; UC: ulcerative colitis.