TNFα Promotes Th17 Cell Differentiation through IL-6 and IL-1β Produced by Monocytes in Rheumatoid Arthritis

Figure 1

Increased percentage of Th17 and Th1 cells in RA synovial fluid. (a) Percentage of Th1 and Th17 cells was analyzed in CD4 subset from PBMC and SFMC of RA patients (RA-PBMC, RA-SFMC) or PBMC of healthy individuals (HC-PBMC) by intracellular staining of IFN-γ and IL-17, respectively, using flow cytometry. Data are representative of 20 samples (up row). Bars show the mean ± SEM (down row). (b) Cytokine levels were measured by ELISA in synovial fluid (SF) and serum samples from 20 RA patients. A panel of 20 serum specimens from healthy individuals was included as controls (HC). Lines represent mean concentration values. In all cases, asterisks indicate statistically significant differences between the groups (, ).

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