Asian Dust Particles Induce Macrophage Inflammatory Responses via Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Activation and Reactive Oxygen Species Production
Figure 2
Assessment of cytotoxicity and inflammatory responses induced by Asian dust particles and soil dust in RAW264.7 cells. (a) RAW264.7 cells were treated for 24 h with 6.25, 25, or 100 μg/mL of Asian dust particles ADP1, ADP2, or with soil dust SDP1, SDP2, SDP3, or SDP4 (particle diameter, ≤10 μm). Cell viability was assessed by means of a methylene blue assay. (b, c) RAW264.7 cells were treated with 100 μg/mL of each dust sample or 1.5 μg/mL of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 24 h. Levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) (b) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (c) in culture supernatants were assessed by means of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. DMEM was used as control (Cont.). Results are expressed as mean ± SD; ; ; N.D., not detected.
