Asian Dust Particles Induce Macrophage Inflammatory Responses via Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Activation and Reactive Oxygen Species Production

Figure 5

Asian dust particles-induced tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) production is dependent on mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor-κB signaling pathways. RAW264.7 cells were pretreated for 30 min with (a) 50 μM of SP600125, an inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase; (b) 30 μM of U0126, an extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) inhibitor; or (c) 50 μM of SN50, a nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) inhibitor and then treated for 6 h with 100 μg/mL of ADP1 or ADP2 or 1.5 μg/mL of LPS. Dimethyl sulfoxide (0.1%) vehicle was used as control (Cont.). The level of TNF-α in the culture supernatants was assessed by means of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results are expressed as mean ± SD; 𝑛=6; ^∗𝑃<0.05, ^∗∗𝑃<0.01; N.D., not detected.

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