Modulation of Immune Response by Organophosphorus Pesticides: Fishes as a Potential Model in Immunotoxicology

Table 1

Toxic effects of OPs in humoral and cellular immune parameters in fishes.

Parameters	OP	Effects	Tissue/cell line	Exposure time	Concentration	Species	References
Humoral immune response
Lysozyme activity	Diazinon	↑; ↓; ↓	Spleen	1, 7 d; 21, 28 d; 35, 42, 49, 56, 63 d	1.5 mg/L	Great sturgeon or beluga (Huso huso)	[31]
		↓	Plasma	35, 42, 56, 63 d
		↑	Kidney	63 d
		↑; ↓; ↑	Spleen; Plasma; Kidney	7 d; 1 d; 7 d	2.0, 4.0 mg/L	Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)	[25]
		↓	Plasma	15, 30 d	0.1, 0.2 mg/L	Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)	[28]
	Chlorpyrifos	↑; ↓	Spleen	3 d; 7 d	15 µg/L; 75 µg/L	Common carp (Cyprinus carpio)	[10]
		↑; ↓	Plasma	3 d; 3, 5, 7 d	15 µg/L; 75 µg/L
		↑; ↑	Kidney	3 d; 5 d	15 µg/L; 75 µg/L
		↑	Plasma	4 d	0.102, 0.255 mg/mL	Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)	[29]
	Phosalone	↓	Plasma	7, 14 d	0.15, 0.30, 0.60 mg/L	Common carp (Cyprinus carpio)	[30]
C-reactive protein	Metrifonate	↑; ↓	Plasma	3 d; 10, 18 d	0.4 ppm	Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)	[32]
Globulin	Diazinon	↓	Plasma	7, 14, 28 d	0.1, 0.2 mg/L	Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)	[27]
		↓		7, 15, 30 d			[28]
	Phosalone	↓	Plasma	14 d	0.15, 0.30, 0.60 mg/L	Common carp (Cyprinus carpio)	[30]
IgM	Diazinon	→	Plasma	4 d	3.915, 7.830 ppm	Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)	[35]
		↑	Plasma	4 d	1.96 mg/L	Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)	[26]
	Chlorpyrifos	↓; ↓	Spleen	1, 3, 5, 7 d; 3, 5 d	15 µg/L; 75 µg/L	Common carp (Cyprinus carpio)	[10]
		↑	Kidney	1, 3, 5 d	15, 75 µg/L
		↓	Plasma	1 d	75 µg/L
		↓	Plasma	4 d	0.051 mg/mL	Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)	[29]
Contents of complement C3	Chlorpyrifos	—	Spleen	1, 3,5, 7 d	15, 75 µg/L	Common carp (Cyprinus carpio)	[10]
		↑	Plasma	1 d	75 µg/L
		↑; ↓	Kidney	1 d; 7 d	15 µg/L; 75 µg/L
Complement C3 expression at mRNA level	Chlorpyrifos	↑	Spleen	1 d	75 µg/L	Common carp (Cyprinus carpio)	[10]
		↓		7 d	15, 75 µg/L
		↑; ↓	Kidney	3 d; 5 d	15 µg/L
		↓		7 d	15, 75 µg/L
IL-1β relative mRNA level		↑	Spleen		1.16, 11.6, 116 µg/L	Common carp (Cyprinus carpio)	[36]
		↓	Kidney
IL-1R relative mRNA level		↑	Spleen		11.6, 116 µg/L
	Chlorpyrifos	↓; ↑	Kidney	40 d	1.16 µg/L; 11.6 µg/L
IFN-γ relative mRNA level		↑	Spleen		11.6 µg/L
		↓; ↑	Kidney		1.16, 11.6 µg/L; 116 µg/L
Cellular immune response
Cell proliferation	Diazinon	↓	Lymphocytes	4 d	7.83, 3.91, 1.95 mg/L	Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)	[35]
	Chlorpyrifos	→	Lymphocytes	4 d	0.051, 0.102, 0.255 mg/L	Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)	[29]
WBC; Lym; Mon; Neu; Eos; Bas	Diazinon	↓; ↓; ↓; ↑; ↑; ↓	Blood	10, 20, 30 d	60, 120 µg/L; 120 µg/L	Common carp, (Cyprinus carpio)	[37]
WBC	Malathion	↓	Blood	1, 4, 28, 42 d	0.023, 0.46 mg/L	Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)	[1]
	Chlorpyrifos	↑	Blood	14 d	0.040, 0.080 mg/L	Common carp (Cyprinus carpio)	[38]
WBC; Lym; Mon; Neu	Diazinon	↓; ↓; ↓; ↑	Blood	7, 15, 30 d	0.1, 0.2 mg/mL	Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)	[28]
WBC; Lym; Mon; Neu	Phosalone	↓; ↓; ↑; ↑	Blood	7, 14 d; 7, 14 d; 14 d; 7, 14 d	0.15, 0.30, 0.60 mg/L; 0.15, 0.30, 0.60 mg/L; 0.30, 0.60 mg/L; 0.15, 0.30, 0.60 mg/L	Common carp (Cyprinus carpio)	[30]
WBC; Lym; Mon; Eos; Neu	Diazinon	↑; →; —; —; ↑	Blood	7 d	0.5, 1 ppm	Iridescent shark (Pangasius hypophthalmus)	[39]
Respiratory burst	Diazinon	↑	Splenocytes	4 d	1.96 mg/L	Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)	[26]
Phagocytic index	Diazinon	↓	Blood	4 d	7.83, 3.91 mg/L	Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)	[26]
Phagocytic function
Gran	Chlorpyrifos	→	Kidney cells		0.1, 1, 10 mg/L	Rainbow fish (Melanotaenia fluviatilis)	[63]
Lyn						Silver perch (Bidyanus bidyanus)
Gran						Golden perch (Macquaria ambigua)
Lyn		↓			10 mg/L	Murray cod (Maccullochella peelii)

↑: increase/activation (induction); ↓: inhibition/decrease; →: no effect; —: not detectable; WBC: white blood cell; Lym: lymphocytes; Mon: monocyte; Gra: granulocytes; Eos: eosinophil; Bas: basophil; Neu: neutrophil; d: days.