Review Article

HIV Vaccine: Recent Advances, Current Roadblocks, and Future Directions

Table 1

HIV vaccine efficacy trials.

StudySiteVaccineVolunteersVaccine to placebo randomizationResults

Vax004USA and NetherlandsAIDSVAX B/B′ gp120 with alum5,100 MSM and 300 women2 : 1No vaccine efficacy

Vax003ThailandAIDSVAX B/E gp120 with alum 2,500 men and women IDUs 1 : 1No vaccine efficacy

HVTN 502 Step trialNorth America, the Caribbean, South America, and AustraliaMRKAd5 HIV-1 gag/pol/nef trivalent vaccine based on adenovirus type 53,000 MSM and heterosexual women and men1 : 1No vaccine efficacy

RV144ThailandRecombinant canarypox vector vaccine (ALVAC-HIV [vCP1521]) and recombinant glycoprotein 120 subunit vaccine (AIDSVAX B/E)16,402 community-risk men and women1 : 131.2% vaccine efficacy at 42 months

HVTN 503 Phambili trialSouth AfricaMRKAd5 HIV-1 gag/pol/nef trivalent vaccine based on adenovirus type 5801 heterosexual men and women1 : 1No vaccine efficacy

HVTN 505USA6-plasmid DNA vaccine and rAd5 vector boost 2,504 men or transgender women who have sex with men1 : 1No vaccine efficacy

HIV-V-A004USA, Rwanda, South Africa, Thailand, and UgandaHomologous Ad26 mosaic vector regimens or Ad26 mosaic and MVA mosaic heterologous vector regimens, with high-dose, low-dose or no clade C gp140 protein plus adjuvant400 men and womenResults awaited

HVTN 100South AfricaClade C ALVAC-HIV (vCP2438) and bivalent subtype C gp120/MF59252 men and women 5 : 1Results awaited

HVTN 702South AfricaALVAC-HIV and bivalent subtype C gp120/MF595,400 men and women1 : 1Results awaited

HVTN 703/HPTN 081South America and Sub-Saharan AfricaVRC01 broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibody2400 MSM and transgender and 1500 women2 : 1Results awaited

Note: MSM: men who have sex with men; IDUs: IV drug users.