Achalasia—An Autoimmune Inflammatory Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study

Figure 3

Anti-inflammatory/profibrogenic cytokine expression in achalasia. Immunohistochemistry for (a) TGF-β1, (c) IL-4, and (e) IL-13 cells in control and achalasia sections. Arrows depict immunoreactive cells. Original magnification was ×320. Results are expressed as mean (yellow line), median (black line), and 5th/95th percentiles of (b) TGF-β1⁺, (d) IL-4⁺, and (f) IL-13⁺ cells.

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